Buddhist; Monasticism; Medieval; China; Philosophy; religion and theology; Social sciences
摘要
Having recovered from political persecution and resolved problems within the sangha, Buddhism reached a summit in its development during Sui and Early Tang China (581–755). Daoxuan (596–667) played an unparalleled role in shaping the direction of Buddhist history during the medieval period through both his rich writings and his innovations of monastic rituals and regulations. This dissertation focuses on several key issues in his work, including the veneration of Buddha- relics and its relationship to the reconstruction and renovation of Buddhist monasteries as authoritative structures and as ground for the monastic community, the recreation of the ordination platform and ordination ritual, and the way in which the Buddhist community reclassified and dealt with monastic property. First, it discusses the historical background of Chinese Buddhism from the fifth to the seventh centuries. This study then argues that, in reinterpreting the image of southern Buddhism as a cultural tradition, Daoxuan sought a new model for the Chinese Buddhist tradition as a whole. More specifically, this study argues that the ritual of venerating relics as a commemorative ceremony functioned to expand the religious power of Buddhism in Chinese society and enhance the bonds within the monastic community. This study also interprets the creation of the ordination platform as a crucial element in the restoration of the Chinese monastic order. In addition, this study suggests that Daoxuan developed his new rules to create an innovative model for the Buddhist community as a ground for individual monks' spiritual progress. He did this in part by reclassifying monastic property as communal and individual property. In sum, Daoxuan created a new tradition of Chinese Buddhist monasticism.
目次
Acknowledgements Introduction 1. A Case Study in the Revival of Monastic Discipline 2. Theorizing Buddhist Monasticism 3. Structural Overview Chapter I: Buddhism in South China as a Cultural Imaginaire 1. Introduction 2. Contextualizing Culture in the North and South China 3. South China as the Kingdom of Culture 4. From the Kingdom of Culture to the Kingdom of Buddhism 5. Tradition and Training 6. The Diaspora of Southern Culture 7. A Son of a Southern Father and a Disciple of a Southern Master 8. Concluding Remarks: Buddhism and Society Chapter II: Relics and Monasteries in Buddhist Monasticism 1. Introduction 2. An Overview of the Relics in Asian History 3. Authentication and Authority: Relics in China 4. The Practice of Venerating Relics 5. Rituals of Releasing life and Self-Destruction 6. The Dead and the Living 7. Manifestation of Incarnation 8. Multiple Buddhas 9. Concluding Remarks: The Past Becomes the Present Chapter III: Ordination Platform and Ordination Ritual 1. Introduction 2. Hybridizing the Ordination Tradition: From South China to Central Asia 3. The Origin of Ordination Platform 4. Mahāyāna Interpretation on Ordination Platform 5. The Scripture of Bequeathed Teaching and Ordination Ritual 6. The Roles in the Ordination Ritual 7. Ordination Ritual as an Initiation Rite 8. Concluding Remarks: Dimensions of Power and Knowledge Chapter IV: Property in Buddhist Monasticism 1. Introduction 2. Contextualizing the Text 3. Ownership: Private Property and Communal Property 4. Classifications of Monastic Property 5. Laborers, Slaves and Servants 6. Animals 7. Plants 8. Books 9. Jewels and Money 10. Medicines and Medical Works 11. Clothing 12. Concluding Remarks: Differentiating Individuals and Community Conclusions: The Revival of Buddhist Monasticism 1. From Margin to Center 2. Discipline and Liberation 3. Textual Community and Scholasticism 4. Monastic and Secular Spheres Appendix The Procedure of Ordination Ritual in Chinese Buddhism Bibliography Primary Sources 1. Works by Daoxuan 2. Works in Collection Secondary Sources 1. Sources in Western Languages 2. Sources in Chinese and Japanese Languages
