對寒山子詩=Annotation on poems of Hanshan; 禪宗=Zen Buddhism=Zazen Buddhism=Chan Buddhism=Son Buddhism; 寒山詩集=Collected Poems of Hanshan; 禪詩作者=Author of the Chan poems; 曹山本寂=Caoshan Benji
The styles and contents of the more than three hundred poems in the Collected Poems of Hanshan are extremely heterogeneous. Scholars have doubted that all the poems were written by the same author, but as yet no one has been able to ascertain other names. This article examines the more than fifty Chan poems in the collection. Those poems express the doctrines of the Hongzhou and Shitou Schools of Chan Buddhism, employ many conventional phrases of "encounter dialogue" used by Chan monks of the two lineages, and display a late-Tang rhyme scheme. Those works should be attributed not to Hanshan but to Caoshan Benji (840-901), one of the founders of the Caodong School of Chan Buddhism in the late Tang. Benji compiled the Annotation on Poems of Hanshan, in which he used his own poems to annotate those of Hanshan. Later, those poems of annotation intermingled with the original ones to shape what we have come to see in the Collected Poems of Hanshan today. In addition, this article proposes that the preface attributed to Luqiu Yin and the poems attributed to Shide were also forged by Benji.
