古奧義書(Upaniṣads)與初期佛學關於人的自我(Self)概念之比較與評論=Comparative and Critical Studies between the Principal Upaniṣads(Up.) and Early Buddhism(Eb.) in the Self-Conception of Man
The self-conception of man is discussed here through the three aspects of the physical/biological, psychological/mental and spiritual self in the principal Upanisads and early Buddhism comparatively and critically. The purpose is to assert that the origin of Buddhism was not under impact, influence, inspiration from the principal Upanisads, or certain concepts were borrowed and re-organize or re-interpret. Both the traditions concern philosophical, spiritual conception of man rather than physical conception of man. There are certain terms, expressions, concerns adopted in them. Nonetheless, fundamental differences are deep. On the basis of their own perspectives, approaches, categories and rationales, differences arise, though certain issues are commonly concerned. Basically, the self-conception of the principal Upanisads is essentialist, substantialist, agent-centric and in accordance with its conception of the real, viz. permanence alone is real. On the contrary, in early Buddhism its conception of self is anti-essentialist, anti-substantialist, non-agent-centric and in accordance with its conception of the real, viz. impermanence alone is real. The consideration of the principal Upanisads is cosmocentric, and from it, the essence of self adopted metaphysically, while from the consideration of anthrophocentric, essenceless self adopted in early Buddhism for self-transformation morally and spiritually.
1.Introduction 3 2.The Physical/the Biological Self 8 1)The Physical Body(kāya) and Food(annam) in Up. And Eb. 8 2)The Sense Organs(indriya in Up. And saḷāyatana in Eb.) 11 3)The Breath(prāṇa in Up. And ānāpāna in Eb.) 13 3.The Psychological/the Mental Self 16 1)The Mind(manas) in Up. And Eb. 16 2)The Intellect(buddhi) in Up. 18 3)The Understanding(vijñāna) in Up. And the Five Aggregates(pañcupādānaka-khandhā) in Eb. 20 4.The Spiritual Self 25 1)The Ego(ahaṃkāra) and the Self(puruṣa, jīvātman and paramātman) in Up. 25 2)The Egoity(ahaṃkāra), Selflessness and Impermanence(puggala and anattā) in Eb. 28 5.Conclusion 31