Giuliana Martini is from Italian School of East Asia Studies (イタリア国立東方学研究所), Kyoto (京都) & Institute for Research in Humanities, University of Kyoto (京都大学人文科学研究所).
關鍵詞
Book of Zambasta=《贊巴斯塔之書》; Buddhāvataṃsaka=佛華嚴; Four Elements=四大; Great Loving Kindness=大慈心; Khotanese Buddhism=于闐佛教
摘要
This article is a study of loving kindness meditation as presented in the third chapter of the Khotanese Book of Zambasta in the light of its Chinese parallel, the Da fangguang fo huayan jing xiuci fen 大方廣佛華嚴經修慈分 (T 306), a Buddhāvataṃsaka (Fo huayan 佛華嚴) work. Chapter three is first assessed in relationship to the structure and content of the Book of Zambasta. It is then analyzed in terms of its meditation dynamics and dialectics, against its philosophical background of objectless loving kindness (Skt. anālaṃbana-maitrī) and nonconceptual knowledge (Skt. nirvikalpaka-jñāna). The peculiarity of the meditation practice in question is a marked emphasis on the conceptual and visual aspects integrated with the use of the four elements and particles of physical matter as the basis for a loving kindness suffusion. Aspects of both continuity and innovation with respect to earlier Buddhist traditions are taken into account, as well as an example of four elements meditation as taught in a contemporary Burmese Theravāda tradition. The practice is described in the Khotanese text as one of ‘great loving kindness’ (Skt. mahāmaitrī): the soteriological implications of this statement and the way the Mahāyāna goal and vision inform practical aspects of meditation are explored, and elements pointing to doctrinal compatibility of the text with a Sarvāstivāda/Yogācāra milieu are also singled out. 此篇論文討論于闐文《贊巴斯塔之書》第三章有關慈心的研究，此章相當於佛華嚴經中之《大方廣佛華嚴經修慈分》。首先它檢視了《贊巴斯塔之書》的結構與內文的關係，並分析其禪修與辨證關係，以對應其無緣慈與無分別智的哲學背景。此禪修特質的問題在於強調思惟與觀想方面，整合四大的運用及極微作為慈心的基礎。同時考量早期佛教傳統的延續與創新，以現代緬甸的南傳傳統禪修四大為例；于闐文本中以大慈心說明此修行，由此探究此教法的解脫意涵、修行的大乘目標及禪修觀想之道，並指出文本中與說一切有部或瑜伽行派在教義上之相容元素。
目次
I. Introduction 123 II. Chapter Three and the Other Meditation Chapters of the Book of Zambasta 127 II.1 The Function of Chapter Three 133 II.2 Content of Chapter Three 134 Opening and Setting of the Discourse [Section 1] 137 Qualities of the Buddha and Beings [Section 2] 138 Maitreya Questions the Buddha Regarding Three Points and the Buddha's Answers [Section 3] 140 Meditation Sequence [Section 4] 141 The Particles in One’s Body (Section 4b) 142 The Particles of Every Being (Section 4c) 142 The Dwellings in One’s Particles (Section 4d) 143 Countless Beings From the Ten Directions as Having Entered One’s Dwellings (Section 4e) 143 Beings in the Five Realms (Section 4f) 143 Thoughts and Aspirations Towards Beings (Section 4g) 143 Loving Kindness as an Antidote to Wrath and Anger (Section 4h) 144 The Buddhas in the Ten Directions in Their Dwellings (Section 4i) 145 Spatio-temporal Coextensiveness (Section 4j) 146 Control of the Meditative Manifestation (Section 4k) 147 Review Phase of the Loving Kindness Suffusion (Section 4l) 147 Closing of the Discourse [Section 5] 147 Declaration of Aspiration [Section 6] 147 III. Chapter Three, T 306, and the Buddhāvataṃsaka in Khotan 147 III.1 Textual Relationship Between Chapter Three and T 306 151 IV. Meditation Theory and Practice 154 IV.1 Meditation Dynamics and Dialectic 154 IV.2 Meditation Typology 159 IV.3 Four Elements Meditation as the Basis for Loving Kindness Suffusion 161 IV.3.1 Four Elements and Particles as Matter 162 IV.4 The Body and Loving Kindness 167 IV.5 Meditation Object and Doctrinal Background: Mahāmaitrī 169 V. Concluding Remarks 175 Abbreviations 179 References 180
