This paper uses the viewpoints of Eastern Philosophy to discuss their possible inspirations to contemporary consciousness studies. First of all, two concepts of consciousness are introduced, one of them can be explained by science and the other cannot, which is also called the Hard Problem. Secondly, the similar features between morality and the Hard Problem of consciousness are discussed. Thirdly, this paper compares different approaches between the East and West to the studies of consciousness. Eastern Philosophy views consciousness as the fundamental feature of human beings. One of the reasons that human beings can pursue meaningful life is because of the necessary existence of conscious experience. It is our conscious experience that makes a valuable life possible. Therefore, consciousness in Eastern Philosophy focuses on the aspects of morality and religion, and emphasizes the training of the ability of consciousness rather than its knowledge. In brief, the aspect of value and morality is the elementary concern of Eastern Philosophy regarding the viewpoint of consciousness, and this is the truly hard problem. Finally, this paper concludes with the comparison of the basic standpoints of consciousness between the Eastern Philosophy and the contemporary English academic circle. Hopefully, one day consciousness can be fully discovered from these diverse viewpoints to enhance our comprehensive understanding of it and therefore further the happiness of human beings.
目次
一、兩種意識概念及意識問題 119 二、意識經驗與道德特質之相似性 121 （一）內在性、感質性及主體性 121 （二）不可傳遞（non-transferable）122 （三）不可化約（irreducible or difficult to reduce）122 （四）不可定義（non-definable or difficult to define）122 （五）解釋鴻溝 123 （六）意圖與自由意志 123 （七）意識經驗與道德判斷──以效益主義為例 123 三、東方哲學視域下的意識觀點：以道德或宗教為主的探索 124 （一）東西方哲學傳統探究人類心靈之不同路徑 125 （二）意識作為一種道德相關的價值問題 127 （三）意識作為一種實踐能力 129 （四）意識艱難問題落在價值面向 131 四、多管齊下的意識探究 132 五、結語 135
