In comparing the doctrinal formulations of Myōhen明遍 (1142–1224) and Benchō弁長 (1162–1238), both disciples of Hōnen法然 (1133–1212), the following similarities and differences can be identified. Regarding the efficacy of Nenbutsu practices in meditative and non-meditative mental states (jōsan nishin 定散二心), both scholars agree that birth in Pure Land is attainable through multiple recitations (tanen 多念) of the nenbutsu in a non-meditative mental state. However, whereas Myōhen emphasizes the practice of nenbutsu in the non-meditative state, Benchō does not. Furthermore, Myōhen is reluctant to highly regards to contemplative nenbutsu practices of visualizing Amida（skt．Amitābha/Amitāyus） and the Pure Land, or recitation of the nenbutsu in a meditative mental state. In contrast, Benchō proactively recognizes the efficacy of these contemplative nenbutsu practices. Here we can see the clear differences in the fundamental positions of these two scholars regarding the Pure Land teaching. Myōhen was strongly conscious of the fact that he became a disciple of Hōnen by disavowing the Sanron school’s doctrinal position. Benchō, however, chose to become a disciple of Hōnen without negating the doctrinal standpoint of the Path of Sages.
