Shugendō has long been divided into two main streams: Honzan, associated with Tendai Buddhism and Tōzan, associated with Shingon. According to most scholarship on shugendō, and to the Tōzan tradition itself, Tzan shugendō was founded by Shōbō in the ninth century; and its headquarter was always Sanbōin at Daigoji near Kyōto. However, certain anomalous documents link Tōzan shugendō, at least in the late Heian and Kamakura periods, with Kōfukuji in Nara.This paper examines the role of Kōfukuji in shugendō history, stressing the relationship between Kōfukuji and Kinpusen, bet discussing also the Katsuragi range and the practices done by Kōfukuji monks in Kasuga-yama. Much of the evidence is circumstantial, given the fragmentary nature of the available clues. However, the conclusion is clear. It is thoroughly plausible that Kōfukuji should have played a major part in early Tōzan shugendō, and surviving documents suggest that in did indeed do so.
目次
Introduction 153 The Significance of the Topic 155 Kōfukuji and the Kasuga Shrine 155 Early Kōfukuji 155 The Kasuga Shrine 156 The Rise of Kōfukuji 158 The Takeover of Kōfukuji by the Sons of the Fujiwara 159 The Yuima-e 160 The Organization of Kōfukuji 161 Esoteric Buddhism at Kōfukuji 163 Practice in the Mountains and Forests 165 The "Oku-no-in of Kasuga" 167 Monks Who Retired From Kōfukuji 168 Gedatsu Shōnin 169 Tokuitsu and Other Early Monks 170 Kūsei and His Line 171 The Court and Kinpusen 172 Kinpusen 172 Imperial Patronage of Kinpusen 174 The Kengyō of Kinpusen 177 The Office of Kengyō 177 The Earliest Known Kengyō or Bettō of Kinpusen 178 Early Appointees From Kōfukuji 179 The Kōfukuji-Kinpusen War of 1093 180 Between Two Wars 181 The Kōfukuji-Kinpusen War of 1145 182 The Register of the Kengyō of Kinpusen 183 The Record of the Sendatsu 186 The Tōzan Tradition: Shōbō 187 Early Tōzan shugendō 188 The Record of the Sendatsu 190 Models of Kinpusen in the Kōfukuji Domain 194 Models of Kinpusen Among Matsuji and Kōfukuji 194 Kinpusen at Kasuga and Kōfukuji 196 Kōfukuji and the Katsuragi Mountains 198 The Katsuragi Mountains 198 Kongōzan 199 Nijōsan 200 Kōfukuji and Kasuga-Yama 201 Kasuga-Yama 201 "Our Practice" 203 Kōzen 205 Kasuga-Yama and Kinpusen 206 Conclusion 207
