Two Truths; vyavahāra; “laukikaṃ paramārtham,” Candrakīrti; Prasannapadā
摘要
The theory of the two truths of paramārtha and saṃvṛti is taught in chapter 24, verses 8–10, of Nāgārjuna’s Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (MMK). Nāgārjuna uses the word verbal activity (vyavahāra) with nearly the same meaning as convention (saṃvṛti) and explains the relationship of the two truths as follows: without relying on verbal activity (vyavahāra), ultimate object (paramārtha) is not taught” (MMK 24.10ab). Regarding Candrakīrti’s commentary on this vyavahāra, the reading “worldly verbal activity” (laukikaṃ vyavahāram) can be found in Louis de La Vallée Poussin’s (LVP) text of the Prasannapadā (PsP), which was edited in 1903–1913 and is used by many scholars even today. However, although after checking important manuscripts and five versions of the Tibetan translations, I found no evidence to support the reading of laukikaṃ vyavahāram as is seen in LVP’s text. The term “laukikaṃ paramārtham” is found in almost all Sanskrit manuscripts, and the term “’jig rten pa’i don dam pa” (*laukikaṃ paramārtham) is also found in five Tibetan translations, but not the expected laukikaṃ vyavahāram. In this paper, I first discuss textual problems regarding the term laukikaṃ vyavahāram seen in the LVP text of the PsP. Second, I reconsider the usage of “laukikaṃ paramārtham” in Candrakīrti’s Yuktiṣaṣṭikāvṛtti and Catuḥśatakaṭīkā. Although a few studies, including my own, have already dealt with this problem, a few issues in the interpretation of this expression remain that require examination on the basis of two types of teachings.Finally, after discussing relative paramārtha in Candrakīrti’s Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya, I reconsider “laukikaṃ paramārtham” in the context of the PsP.
目次
Abstract Introduction 55 What is “laukika paramārtham”? 58 The Two Truths in the Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya 62 Concluding Remarks: Again the Usage in the Prasannapadā 64 References 70
