藏譯佛典譯語初探 —— 以藏文《心經》為中心=An attempt to investigate the language evolution of Tibetan translation of Buddhist scriptures — with an emphasis on the Tibetan translation of the “Heart Sutra”
作者單位：法鼓文理學院佛教學系助理教授 Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts
關鍵詞
藏譯佛典研究=Studies of Tibetan translation of Buddhist scriptures; 《甘珠爾》=Kanjur; 新舊譯語=old and new translation terminology; 佛典傳譯; 藏文《心經》=the Tibetan version of the Heart Sutra; P.T.449號=P.T. No.449; The two volume grammar text (sGra sbyor ban gnyis); Mahavyutpatti (Bye brag rtog byed)
In recent years, the “modification” found in contemporary Tibetan translation of Buddhist scriptures has attracted the attention of academia. Through the study and comparison of these scriptures with ancient Tibetan translations, it has been discerned that they are more consistent with Sanskrit or original manuscripts than the more recent versions. Consequently, this leads to the “suspicion of correctness” by academics about the more recent and popular wood carved print translations, while the two major ancient versions of the historical text Kanjur — the Tshelpa from the east and the Tempangma from the west — are considered more credible. Moreover, with the discovery of the orphan copies 〔Proto（s）〕 in Phug brag, Ta pho and ‘Ba’thang, these ancient manuscripts have gradually become accessible for researchers. The Tibetan Dunhuang Manuscripts are regarded as some of the earliest existing Buddhist texts in the Tibetan language. They data back to between the eighth and ninth centuries. The number of volumes in this collection is impressive and the content includes Theravadan, Mahayana, and Tantric sutras, as well as commentaries. These treatises are valuable sources for understanding the earliest history of Tibetan translation of the Buddhist scriptures； forlearning the transition of the lexicon for the Buddhist treatises according to the principles of “uniformed terminology definition” and “imperial authorized word lists” from the Tsenpo era of the Bod Chen Po Kingdom； and for acquiring official compilation of etymological treatment of Sanskrit terms from two volumes of grammar texts the sGra sbyor bam gnyis and Bye brag rtog byed. I believe the above knowledge will be helpful for accessing the original meaning of the earliest Tibetan translations of Buddhist texts. This thesis is an attemot to study the change of terminology from the early Tibetan translations to the modern versions. The references include the aforementioned history of translation as well as the following literature. The main text to be examined will be the Tergar version of the Tibetan Heart Sutra, along with studies of a few hand copies from the French collection of the Dunhuang manuscripts (e.g. P.T. 447, P.T. 449, and P.T. 457) and the British collection of Dunhuang and Western area Tibetan manuscripts (e.g. IOL.Tib.J.VOL.31, and IOL.Tib.J.VOL.32. ) In addition toexamining and discussing the Tibetan Heart Sutra, this thesis will juxtapose the east and the west Tibetan hand copies with the wood carved print copies from Narthang, Beijing and Lhasa, which enjoyed wide circulation. They are referenced in order to examine the differences between translation versions, word order, part of speech, simplification of the alphabet and the modifications that havebeen discovered in the modern translations.
