Japan; chaplaincy; prison; Shinto; Tenrikyō; history of law
摘要
This dissertation analyzes prison chaplaincy (kyōkai) in Japan from the Meiji period (1868-1912) to the present day focusing on the chaplaincy activities of Shin Buddhist sects, Christian churches, Shintō shrines, and new religions like Tenrikyō. The sources for this study are drawn from archival research, interviews with chaplains, and site visits to prisons and religious institutions. I argue that the Japanese model of prison chaplaincy is rooted in the Pure Land Buddhist concept of doctrinal remonstration. I trace the history of Japanese prison chaplaincy by examining the development of chaplaincy discourse and the politics surrounding it. I found the discourse of chaplaincy to be a form of theodicy that derives an existential meaning from the crime and rehabilitation process. The chief limitation of this discourse is that its interpretation of crime focuses solely on the private troubles of individuals without considering criminal conduct as a reflection of broader public issues. An analysis of the politics surrounding the prison chaplaincy shows that the development of chaplaincy reflects the changing place of religion in Japanese society. Religion has been conceived as both a private affair and a public benefit that the state has a vested interest in promoting. The chaplaincy reflects both of these qualities in that chaplains are specialists in matters of the heart whose work is thought to contribute to the peace. I found that the practices of individual chaplains exceed the limitations of their discourse as they attempt to help their charges as best they can, often going beyond the requirements of their official responsibilities.
目次
1 Prison Chaplaincy in Japan: Karma, Kokoro, and Kyōkai 1 2 Admonishing the Heretics: Shin Buddhists and the Incarceration of the Urakami Christians 55 3 Establishing the Vocation: From the Great Promulgation Campaign to the Prison Chaplaincy 89 4 The Role of the Chaplain: Buddhism, Christianity, and Prison Religion in Meiji Japan 143 5 Prison Chaplaincy for the Postwar Period: Universalizing Kyōkai 203 6 The Public and Private Lives of Prison Chaplains 258 7 Conclusions 322 8 Appendix A: Honganji-ha Prison Chaplaincy Journal Index (1892-3) 326 9 Appendix B: Index to the Prewar and Wartime Prison Chaplaincy Journals (1925-43) 333 10 Appendix C: Field Notes from a Tenrikyō Group Religious Chaplaincy Session 353 11 Appendix D: Transcript of an Interview with Hirano Toshioki (Death Row Chaplain) 362 12 List of Abbreviations 379 13. Bibliography 380
