Taking Gushan Monastery in Fujian Province as a reference point, this dissertation investigates the formation of the Gushan Chan lineage in Fujian area and its later diffusion process to Taiwan. From the perspective of religion diffusion studies, this dissertation investigates the three stages of this process: 1. the displacement of Caodong Chan center to Fujian in the seventeenth century; 2. Chinese migration bringing Buddhism to Taiwan in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) and 3. the expansion diffusion activities of the institutions and masters affiliated with this lineage in Taiwan during the Japanese rule (1895-1945), and the new developments of humanistic Buddhism after 1949. In this spreading process of the Gushan Chan lineage, Taiwanese Buddhism has emerged as the bridge between Chinese and Japanese Buddhism because of its unique historical experiences. It is in the expansion diffusion activities of the Gushan Chan lineage in Taiwan that Taiwanese Buddhism has gradually attained autonomy during the Japanese rule, leading to post-war new developments in contemporary humanistic Buddhism.
目次
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1. Research Motives and Goals 2 2. Research Method 7 3. Contents and Materials 14 4. Some Remarks on Displacement 18
Chapter 2 Displacement: the Spread of the Caodong Shouchang Sublineage to Gushan in the Seventeenth Century 23 1. The Spread of the Caodong Shouchang Sublineage from Henan to Jiangxi: NeoConfucianism and Chan Mater Yunkong Changzhong 26 2. The Establishment of the Base of the Shouchang Sublineage in Jiangxi: Mater Wuming Huijing and His Rustic Chan 34 3. The Spread of the Shouchang Sublineage from Jiangxi to Fujian: Yongjue Yuanxian and the Reconstruction of Gushan Monastery 36 4. The Cooperation with Local Ming Loyalists: Cao Xuequan and Gushan Monastery in the Ming-Qing Transition 46 5. Religious/Public Services of Gushan Monastery in the Wars 52 6. Conclusion 56
Chapter 3 The Formation of the Gushan Chan Lineage in Fujian during the Qing Dynasty 57 1. The Historical Development of Chan Lineages 57 2. The Emergence of Dharma Transmission Monasteries and the Practice ofNaming in Chan Lineages 67 3. The Formation of the Gushan Chan Lineage in the Qing Dynasty 90 4. The Legacy of Zhuhong and the Imperial Patronage of Gushan in the Qing Dynasty 94 5. Conclusion 128
Chapter 4 The Spread of the Gushan Lineage from Fujian to Taiwan: the Rise of the “Five Mountains” under the Japanese Rule 133 1. Buddhism in Taiwan under the Qing 134 2. Gushan Chan Lineage from Fujian to Taiwan: Caodong or Linji? 137 3. The Rise of the Five Mountains 146 4. Receiving Precepts in Gushan and the Ordination Ceremonies in Taiwan 198 5. Conclusion 204
Chapter 5 The Spread of Gushan Lineage in Taiwan: Developments and Setbacks under the Japanese Rule 205 1. The Three Periods of the Religious Policy of the Japanese Government in Taiwan 205 2. The Advent of Sōtō and Rinzai Schools 215 3. The Reformist Ideals of the Taiwanese Buddhist Elites under the Japanese Rule 228 4. The Incorporation of the Five Mountains into Imperial-way Buddhism 243 5. Conclusion 251
Chapter 6 Conclusion 253 1. The Continuing Expansion Diffusion of the Gushan Lineage in Taiwan 254 2. The New Developments of Humanistic Buddhism in Taiwan 262 3. Summary of Main Arguments 267 Bibliography 273
