John Koller in ＂Buddhist and Psychoanalytic Insights into the Self and Self Awareness＂ and Mark Epstein in Thoughts Without a Thinker are both successful in showing that there is a clear basis for meaningful comparison between Buddhism and psychotherapy in the wheel of rebirth without metaphysical language. Both John Koller's Buddhism and Mark Epstein’s psychotherapy hold that the language of karma and rebirth can function without metaphysical language. A.D.P. Kalansuriya in ＂The Logical Grammar of the Word 'Rebirth' in the Buddhist Paradigm: A Philosophical Sketch＂ similarly explains that dhamma-talk is rightly construed as ethical language without metaphysical language. Whereas Mark Epstein’s understanding of psychotherapy helps people with attitude adjustment without metaphysical language, A.D.P. Kalansuriya's understanding of dhamma-talk is also concerned with meditation and ethics without metaphysical language. Therefore, on the interpretations above by Koller, Epstein, and Kalasuriya, neither Buddhism nor psychotherapy have to interpret karma and rebirth as metaphysical in order for their language of attitude adjustment (in psychotherapy) or meditation and ethics (in Buddhism) to help humankind.
約翰．科勒（John Koller）在《佛教和精神分析之自我和自我意識觀》和馬克．愛潑斯坦（Mark Epstein）在《無思想者之思想》都有力地顯示：在有關輪回的研究中，不涉及形而上的語言而對佛教和心理治療做出有意義的比較研究是具有可靠基礎的。約翰．科勒的佛教研究和馬克．愛潑斯坦的心理治療理論都認為，有關業報和重生的理論不需要運用形而上學的語言加以論說。A. D. P.卡蘭蘇利亞（Kalasuriya）《在佛教範式下重生一詞的邏輯語法：哲學素描》一文中同樣解釋說，佛法可以不運用形而上學的語言而合理地詮釋為倫理。馬克．愛潑斯坦的心理治療理論幫助人們調整心理狀態，A. D. P.卡蘭蘇利亞（Kalasuriya）的佛法研究論述冥想和道德，兩人都沒有涉及形而上學的語言。因此，從科勒、愛潑斯坦、卡蘭蘇利亞的文章中可知，無論是佛教還是心理治療都不必用形而上學的語言來解釋因果報應和輪回，以便用心理治療或佛教冥想及倫理學說來幫助人類。
目次
Introduction 174 Section I: Koller and Epstein on Interpreting the Wheel of Rebirth [premise (1)] 175 In the Human Realm—the quest for self knowledge 178 In the Animal Realm—nasty, brutish, but not necessarily short 179 Realm of the gods—shining on for a moment in time 180 Titans or “Jealous Gods” —Rocky with a vengeance 181 Hell Realm (Impermanent Purgatory) —It’s pay back time! 182 Hungry Ghosts—“I can’t get no satisfaction” 183 Section II: The language of karma and rebirth [premise (2)] 184 Section III: Kalansuriya on Dhamma-talk is ethical and not metaphysical [premise (3)] 189 Section IV: Epstein’s focus on attitude adjustment and Kalansuriya’s on meditation and ethics in Buddhism [premise (4)] 191 Section V: Conclusion 194
