晚明清初禪宗思想史——臨濟宗文字禪論辯之聚焦、轉化與論述開展=An Intellectual History of Chan School from Late Ming to Early Qing Dynasty–Focusing, Transforming and Developing of Arguments Regarding Literal Chan in Linji School
This paper focuses on controversies regarding literal chan between Sanfeng Sect and Tiantung Sect of Linji School. Disputes over justifiability of using oral or literal means for practicing chan were main debates within Lingi School from late Ming to early Qing dynasty. Previous discussions are mostly focused on Hanyue Fazang’s (1573-1635) adoption of sutras and principles of chan and Miyun Yuanwu’s (1567-1642) criticism in late Ming dynasty. How were their attitudes toward other expressible techniques? How did masters of Sanfeng Sect and Tiantung Sect deal with these disagreements in early Qing dynasty? Other than principles of chan, this paper also discusses their attitudes on using “Yu-Jyu”and “Hua-Tou”. In addition, this paper explores the transforming of Tiantung Sect’s criticism and Renshan Jizhen’s (1631-1697) reaction in early Qing dynasty.
This paper exams Yu-Lu and temple records with respect to Sanfeng Sect and Tiantung Sect and lays focus on following arguments: (a) With symbol of “〇”, Hanyue Fazang presented his diverse viewpoint on employment of “directly pointing to a person’s mind”, “beating-and-shouting”, “Hua-Tou”, “principles and of chan” and “Yu-Jyu”. (b) Tiantung Sect’s criticism was based on dualism as acceptable “beating-and-shouting” on one side and unacceptable “oral or literal means” on the other side. (c) In response to criticism from Tiantong Sect, Jizhen asserted inheritance of Linji Lineage and explained Hanyue Fazang’s thought with a dynamic view of using all expressible and inexpressible means, which was distinct form stereotypical authority of “solely beating-and-shouting approach” asserted by Tiantung Sect.
