Today, Zhanran is understood to have held an idea of an impure dualism, which is different from that of his master Zhiyi. However, examining Zhanran’s theory of Mind Only, it was not possible to reach such a conclusion. First, Zhanran based himself on Zhiyi’s notion that object and mind are equal. Secondly, Zhanran’s theory of Mind Only is based on the traditional three views. His theories are based on Zhiyi’s “four types of mindfulness” (sinianchu四念處). Zhanran faithfully and concretely inherits Zhiyi’s ideas. Zhanran lists the terms that were popular at that time, and redefines them from a Tiantai perspective. Therefore, his understanding is not an impure duality.
