道宣=Daoxuan=Tao'hsuan; 行事鈔=Xingshichao; 律宗=Vinaya School=Luzong; 南山律宗=Nanshan Vinaya School
摘要
Throughout the history Buddhism in East Asia, many different traditions developed to explain Buddhist doctrines, but one that we know comparatively little about is the Vinaya tradition, or in Chinese, the Lǜzōng 律宗. This is the tradition of schol- ars who wrote about and explained the Vinaya, or Buddhist monastic laws, and among them, the monk Dàoxuān 道宣 (596-667) is considered the most infuential. The aim of this research is to provide a partial analysis of his earliest and most comprehensive work on the Vinaya called the Sìfēnlǜ shānfán bǔquè Xíngshì chāo 四分律刪繁補闕行事鈔, or in English, A Commentary on Conduct and Procedure: Abridgments and Emendations to the Four-part Vinaya. To do so, a survey of the historical background and impact of this text will be made, as well as an annotated translation and discussion of the text's first chapter. It was found that in this work, Dàoxuān was attempting to resolve some of the social problems of Buddhism in his time by providing a comprehensive manual on the Vinaya and monastic life as it was set out in the translated Vinaya texts, espe- cially the Four-part Vinaya [of the Dharmaguptakas], also known as the sìfēn lǜ 四 分律. It became perhaps the most authoritative work on the Vinaya in Chinese un- til at least the 11th century, and was an important factor in the Four-part Vinaya be- coming the standard used throughout China. The text itself explains several im- portant doctrinal points, one of which is the concept of the ESSENCE OF THE PRECEPTS or jiètǐ 戒體, a widely debated but fundamental concept in the understanding of karma and Buddhist morality in East Asia.
目次
Table of Contents 0.1: Abstract iii 0.2: Note on terminology iv 0.3: Acknowledgements v Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1: The East Asian Vinaya Tradition: A Survey of the literature 4 1.2: Research method and Presentation structure 8 Chapter 2: The Historical Background of the Vinaya Tradition 11 2.1: Introduction 11 2.2: Buddhism in 7th Century China 13 2.2.1: Buddhism Beyond the Elite 14 2.2.2: The Regulation of the Clergy prior to the 7th century 17 2.2.3: The Regulations of Daoists and Buddhists and the Sūtra of the Deathbed Injunction 17 2.3: The emergence of monastic regulations and the study of the Vinaya in China 19 2.3.1: The Regulations for the Saṅgha 20 2.3.2: The Translation of Vinaya Literature into Chinese 22 Chapter 3: The Vinaya Tradition and Dàoxuān 26 3.1: The Vinaya Tradition prior to Zhìshǒu 智首 (567-635) 28 3.1.1: Dharmagupta 曇無德 (d.u.) 29 3.1.2: Dharmakāla 曇摩迦羅 (3rd c.) 29 3.1.3: Fǎcōng 法聰 (468-559) 29 3.1.4: Dàofù 道覆 (d.u.) 30 3.1.5: Hùiguāng 慧光 (468-537) 31 3.1.6: Dàoyún 道雲 (d.u.) 31 3.1.7: Dàohóng 道洪 (574-649?) 31 3.2: Dàoxuān and the Vinaya School of Mt. Nánshān 32 3.2.1: Sources for Dàoxuān's life: the Sòng Biographies of Eminent Monks 32 3.2.1.1: Periodization Of Dàoxuān's life 35 3.2.2: Early life and monastic training: 596 to 624 35 3.2.2.1: Huìjūn 慧頵 (564-637) 36 3.2.2.2: Zhìshǒu 智首 (567–635) 36 3.2.3: Writing and Traveling: 624 to 645 38 3.2.3.1: Mt. Zhōngnán 終南山 39 3.2.3.2: Travel 40 3.2.4: Working in and around the capital: 645 – 656 40 3.2.5: Abbacy of Xīmíng Temple 西明寺 and later life: 656 – 667 42 3.2.5.1: The issue of bowing to the emperor 43 3.2.5.2: The Jetavana Diagram Sūtra and Ordination Platforms 44 3.3: Dàoxuān's students and Collaborators and the Vinaya Tradition after Dàoxuān 48 3.3.1: Dàoshì道世 (?-683) 48 3.3.2: Wéngāng 文綱 (636-727) 48 3.3.3: Dàoàn 道岸 (654-717) 49 3.3.4: Jiànzhēn 鑑真 (688-763) and the Vinaya Tradition in Japan 50 3.3.5: The Spread of the Vinaya Tradition 51 3.4: The Vinaya Tradition beyond Nánshān 51 3.4.1: The Xiàngbù School 相部宗 and Fǎlì 法礪 (569-635) 52 3.4.2: The Dōngtǎ School 東塔宗 and Huáisù 懷素(634-707) 54 3.4.3: The Bìngbù School 幷部宗 and Fǎyùan 法願 (524-587) 55 3.5: The Vinaya Tradition and Monastic Regulations in the Sòng 56 3.5.1: Yǔnkān 允堪 (1005-1061) 57 3.5.2: Yuánzhào 元照 (1048-1116) 58 3.5.3: The Pure Rules for Chan Monasteries 58 Chapter 4: The Doctrines of the Vinaya Tradition 61 4.1: The Essence of the Precepts 61 4.1.1: Karma Theories in Nikāya Buddhism 65 4.1.1.1: Avijñapti-karma, or Unexpressed Action 67 4.1.1.2: Avijñapti-karma as Form Dharma 70 4.1.1.3: The Three Restraints 72 4.1.1.4: The Essence of the Precepts 74 4.2: The Essence of the Precepts in Dàoxuān's work and the Four-part Vinaya School 75 4.3: Dàoxuān's Doctrinal Classification System 80 4.4: Conclusion 83 Chapter 5: Introduction and Translation to the first chapter of The Commentary on Conduct and Procedure 86 5.1: Introduction 86 5.2: The Structure of the Commentary on Conduct and Procedure 91 5.3: Citations in the Commentary on Conduct and Procedure 94 5.4: The Content of Chapter 1 99 5.5: Terminology and Conventions 103 A Commentary on Conduct and Procedure: Abridgments and Emendations to the Four-part Vinaya 106 Chapter 1 (=X1): Showing the Intention [of this work] and Revealing what Virtue Is. 106 X1.0: [The Four Aspects] 110 X1.0.1: Discussing the Way of the Precepts [themselves] 戒法 110 X1.0.2: Explaining the Essence of the Precepts 戒體 111 X1.0.3: Discussing the Observance of the Precepts 戒行 112 X1.0.4: Explaining the Appearance of the Precepts 戒相 112 X1.1: Clarifying what is Following the Precepts 順戒 113 X1.1.1: Concerning the Transformative Teachings 化教 114 X1.1.1.1: Sūtras of the Lesser Vehicle 小乘經 115 X1.1.1.2: The treatises of the Lesser Vehicle 小乘論 11
