The Chanyuan Qinggui 禪苑清規 (Rules of Purity for Chan Monasteries), compiled by Changlu Zongze長蘆宗賾 (?-1107) of the Northern Song dynasty, sets a precedent for the genre of “rules of purity” (qinggui 清規) in Chan literature. This interesting text places its primary focus on monastic discipline and the place of morality within the context of Chan practice. It is also as the first set of monastic regulations compiled in China to match the acceptance and authority otherwise held by the Indian Vinaya. Significantly, Zongze’s text served as an attempt to bring to order the tangle of monastic and state-influenced regulations existing during the period. It holds a wealth of information on the origins and conditions of Buddhist monastic life in Song China, information which often contrasts sharply with the common stereotypes one associates with the practices of the Chan School. Through an analysis of the different faces of a monastic career during the Song as described in the Chanyuan Qinggui – from ordination to death, everyday dietary practices to intensive annual retreats, this thesis seeks to disprove common misconceptions concerning the nature of the Chan tradition, offering a sense of the living context of Chinese Chan monasticism in Song China in its place.
目次
Abstract i Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii Contents iv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Methodology and Approaches 4 3. Review of Previous Scholarship 5 4. Structure and Introduction to Individual Chapters 7 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 Chapter 2: The Tonsure and Ordination of Novice Monks 8 Chapter 3: Retreats, Deities, and Monastic Cultivation 9 Chapter 4: Meditation and the Monastic Diet 11 Chapter 5: Merits, Funeral Rites and Monastic Auctions 12 Chapter 6: Conclusion 14 Chapter 2 The Tonsure and Ordination of Novice Monks 15 1. Introduction 15 2. The Tonsure and Ordination Procedure 18 2.1. Prior Preparation 18 2.2. Gathering the Assembly 25 2.3. Requesting the Precepts 36 2.4. Receiving Tonsure 41 2.5. Confession of Transgressions 45 2.6. Receiving the Three Refuges 50 2.7. Receiving the Precepts 55 2.8. Dedication of Merit 73 2.9. Post-ceremonial Formalities 78 3. Conclusion 80 Chapter 3 Retreats, Deities and Monastic Cultivation 83 1. Introduction 83 2. Summer Retreat in the Chanyuan Qinggui 85 3. Background and Origins 88 4. Institutional Concerns 92 5. Practices during the Summer Retreat 97 5.1. Worship of Chinese Deities 97 5.2. Education of Resident Monks 101 6. Conclusion 107 Chapter 4 Meditation and the Monastic Diet 109 1. Introduction 109 1.1. Pungent Herbs in the Indian Vinaya 111 1.2. Physical Properties of Garlic 114 1.3. Negative Effects on Spiritual Practice and Attainment 115 2. Development in Chinese Buddhism 118 2.1. Prohibition in the Brahmā Net and Sūraṇgama Sūtra 119 2.2. Adoption in Zongze’s Chanyuan Qinggui 121 2.3. Influence of the Sūraṇgama Sūtra 123 2.4. Influence of the Calming and Contemplation 124 3. Conclusion 127 Chapter 5 Merits, Funeral Rites, and Monastic Auctions 129 1. Introduction 129 Funeral Procedures in the Chanyuan Qinggui 131 1.1. Funerary Settings: The Hall of Longevity 132 1.2. Shinian and Salvation 136 1.3. Encoffining the Deceased 143 1.4. The Conduct of Ritual Chanting 146 2. Zongze’s Pure Land Practices: Continuity and Change 151 2.1. The Precedence of Yanshou 152 2.2. Similarities in Zongze 154 2.3. Evolution from the Past 158 3. The Conduct of the Monastic Auction 159 3.1. The Structure of Auction Proceedings 160 3.2. Origins of the Monastic Auction 160 3.3. From Distribution to Auction 162 3.4. Materiality and Spirituality 164 3.5. Dharma Preaching to the Dead and Living 167 4. Conclusion 169 Chapter 6 Final Conclusions 171 Appendix 1 誡沙彌 Disciplining Novices 177 Appendix 2 沙彌受戒文 The Liturgy for Novice Ordinations 179 Appendix 3 訓童行 Regulating Postulants 192 Bibliography 201 Primary Sources 201 Secondary Sources 204
