Japanese Zen; Chinese Chan; Edo Japan; Juefan Huihong; Kakumon Kantetsu; Tōkō Shin’etsu
摘要
Today there is a distinction in Japanese Zen Buddhist monasticism between prayer temples and training centers. Zen training is typically thought to encompass either meditation training or public-case introspection, or both. Yet first-hand accounts exist from the Edo period (1603–1868) which suggest that the study of Buddhist (e.g., public case records, discourse records, sūtra literature, prayer manuals) and Chinese (poetry, philosophy, history) literature may have been equally if not more important topics for rigorous study. How much more so the case with the cultivation of the literary arts by Zen monastics? This paper first investigates the case of a network of eminent seventeenth- and eighteenth-century scholar-monks from all three modern traditions of Japanese Zen—Sōtō, Rinzai, and Ōbaku—who extolled the commentary Kakumon Kantetsu 廓門貫徹 (d. 1730) wrote to every single piece of poetry or prose in Juefan Huihong’s 覺範恵洪 (1071–1128) collected works, Chan of Words and Letters from Stone Gate Monastery (Ch. Shimen wenzichan; Jp. Sekimon mojizen). Next, it explores what the wooden engravings of Study Effortless-Action and Efficacious Vulture at Daiōji, the temple where Kantetsu was the thirteenth abbot and where he welcomed the Chinese émigré Buddhist monk Xinyue Xingchou (Shin’etsu Kōchū 心越興儔, alt. Donggao Xinyue, Tōkō Shin’etsu 東皐心越, 1639–1696), might disclose about how Zen was cultivated in practice? Finally, this paper asks how Kantetsu’s promotion of Huihong’s “scholastic” or “lettered” Chan or Zen might lead us rethink the role of Song dynasty (960–1279) literary arts within the rich historical context of Zen Buddhism in Edo Japan?
目次
Abstract 75 Keywords 76 Rethinking the Boundaries in Northern Song Chinese Chan and Edo Japanese Zen 79 Reading Study Effortless-Action 83 Scholastic or Lettered Chan / Zen 85 Edo Zen Scholastic Renaissance and the Chū sekimon mojizen 87 Ming Scholastic Chan: Daguan Zhenke and the Jingshan Canon 89 Chū sekimon mojizen in Japan: Kakumon Kantetsu’s Stimuli 92 Edo Zen Monastic Education, Tōkō Shin’etsu and Chan/Zen of Words and Letters 95 Conclusion: Hakuin and the Problem with Pure Zen 97 Abbreviations 100 References 100
