석가모니 붓다에 의해 개시된 불교는 생사윤회로부터의 해탈을 기본 과제로 삼고 있으며, 이에 대한 다양한 교설과 수행체계가 시대별로 설해졌다. 초기불교에 나타난 12지연기의 順觀과 逆觀은 석가모니붓다를 정각에 이르게 한 결정적 관법이었으며, 이에 대한 실질적 수행체계는 8세기경 인도 후기밀교시대에 전개된 불교 딴뜨리즘의 수행체계에 의해 비로소 구체화되었다. 교리적으로 볼 때 딴뜨리즘의 사상은 瑜伽行의 轉依에 의해 유정의 육체와 중생계를 윤회적 현실이 아니라 佛身과 淨土로 인식하는 것이고, 딴뜨리즘의 수행은 유정이 지닌 삶과 중음, 죽음의 경계를 붓다의 化身과 報身, 法身으로 전환하는 것이다. 딴뜨리즘의 교리적 근거는 大樂思想에 입각한 것이었으며, 유정의 현실과 죽음의 경계를 연 수행은 微細瑜伽로 집약될 수 있다. 석존에 의해 설해진 순관과 역관은 딴뜨리즘의 生起次第와 究竟次第의 수행체계이며, 양차제의 성공적인 도입은 死者의 書를 출현시킨 인도 후기밀교의 반야모딴뜨라 시대를 새로이 이끌었다. 불교 딴뜨리즘은 인간의 탄생과 죽음을 인간 스스로의 직관과 지혜에 의해 극복하는 것이며 이를 뒷받침하는 수많은 성취법과 경궤류는 종교와 인간의 현실세계의 거리를 더욱 좁힐 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
The view of the world about life and death is as it is written in early Buddhist scriptures the repetition of life and death is not ceased until the extinction of ignorance(Avidya) of sentient beings, so massive materials concerning wisdoms and practice systems of cutting ignorance and are found in Buddhist scriptures. The Buddhist idea is that there is no death of sentient beings but just a continuation of impermanent self consciousness and physical body as a result of dependent arising which state are divided into birth moment, life, death moment and intermediate state of body, which instead is not as an extinction of life but a lateral transmission to other living beings. The doctrinal foundation of reincarnation of life and death are found in early Buddhist scriptures but it is near around 8th century that the practice system of visualizing retrogression and progression of self in dependent arising system were respectively developed to Generation Stage and Completion Stage of Anuttarayoga-tantra system in the age of post Esoteric Buddhism. The Miscellaneous Yoga(Sukṣuma-yoga) provided the foundation of practice system of Tantrism which consists of theories of internal respiration, tube of body and wind that enabled both the achievement of physical and intermediate state of body as Boddhahood. The school of Jñānapada and Nagarjuna did a major role to establish those doctrines and principles of practice system which were classified into Expedient Tantric system but afterward it soon was flourished the Mother Tantric system which developed the Tantric yoga system that one of major concern was an achievement of Saṃbhogakaya while in the state of intermediate body. The Book of Dead(Bardo Thödrol) was resulted from those Mother Tantric system which those doctrines and practice system are evaluated by the practical and realistic implement of transforming life and death of sentient beings into realm of Buddhahood. It is the success of Buddhist Tantric system that resulted in the advent of Scriptures of Sadhanas , Rites and thesis which major concern was to transform the three state of sentient beings into Buddha's body through visualization and contemplation techniques that are still waiting for the interpretation and researches in the future.
目次
I 서언. 141 II 생사에 대한 밀교의 인식. 143 III 불교 딴뜨리즘의 생사 극복. 148 IV 결어. 158
