Three Gandhari Ekottarikagama-Type Sutras continues the Gandharan Buddhist Texts studies of the first-century A.D. birch bark scrolls in the British Library's Kharosthi manuscript collection. It describes the text found on two fragments which constitute the lower part of a scroll and consists of the remnants of three sutras. All three sutras are relatively short and have an association with the number four, which suggests that they are from a Gandhar- Ekottarikagama, a collection of short discourses grouped according to numerical principles and one of the major collections of writings in the Buddhist canon.
The first sutra records a discussion in which a brahman asks the Buddha four questions. The second su-tra, like the third, depicts the Buddha preaching to monks. The structure of this sutra is based on the four postures: walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. The Buddha’s discourse in the third sutra concerns the four efforts (or abandonings).
The book describes the condition of the scroll and its reconstruction; examines in detail the literary and textual background of the sutras, comparing them with other extant versions and parallels in other languages; and presents a transcription of the extant text, a reconstruction, and an English translation. It includes chapters on the paleography, orthography, phonology, and morphology of the text, and offers a detailed analytic commentary.
目次
List of Illustrations and Tables xi Preface. xiii Format, Transcription, and Citation System. xviii List of Abbreviations. xx
1. British Library Kharosthi Fragments 12 and 14 3 1.1 The Contents of British Library Kharoṣṭhī Fragments 12 and 14 3 1.2 The Three Gāndhārī Ekottarikāgama/Aṅguttara-nikāya-Type Sūtras and Their Parallels and Titles in Other Languages 4 1.3 The Three Sūtras as Part of an Ekottarikāgama Collection 8 1.4 The Survival of Ekottarikāgama/Aṅguttara-nikāya Collections 9 1.5 The Character of EĀ/AN Sūtras/Suttas and the Organizational Principles of the EĀ/AN Collections 13 1.6 Interpretations of the Structure of the Gāndhārī Sūtras Fragments 22
2. Comparison of the Gandhari, Pali, Sanskrit, and Chinese Versions 26 2.1 General Comments 26 2.2 Abbreviation 27 2.3 Structure, Sequence of Events, and Details of Description 29 2.4 Diction 30 2.5 Grammar 37 2.6 Clues to the Underlying Source Dialect: Language and Translation 38 2.7 COncluison and Comnents on Sectatian Affiliation 39
3. Physical Description of the Manuscript 41 3.1 Description of the Manuscript 41 3.2 Reconstruction of the Manuscript 41 3.2.1 Size and Format 42 3.2.2 Patterns of Damage 46 3.2.3 The Reconstructed Text 46 3.3 Descriptive List of the Subfragments of BL Fragments 12 and 14 47 3.3.1 Frame 25 47 3.3.2 Frame 24 49 3.3.3 Frame 28 51 3.3.4 Debris Box Fragments 51
4. Paleography and Orthography (§§ 4.1-7 by Andrew Glass) 53 4.1 The Writing Instrument 53 4.2 General Features of the Hand 53 4.3 Foot Marks 54 4.4 Analysis of Individual Letters 54 4.4.1 Independent Vowels 54 4.4.2 Consonants 60 4.4.3 Conjunct Consonants 65 4.5 Punctuation 66 4.6 Corrections 66 4.6.1 Incidental Marks 67 4.7 Paleographic Dating 67 4.8 Orthography 67 4.8.1 Orthographic Peculiarities 68 4.8.2 The Employment of the Small Punctuation Mark 70
5. Phonology 73 5.1 Vowels 73 5.1.1 Palatalization of a 73 5.1.2 Alternation of a and i 74 5.1.3 Alternation of [a] and e(?) 74 5.1.4 Alternation of [a] and u(?) 75 5.1.5 Alternation of ā and o(?) 75 5.1.6 Alternation of [i] and e 75 5.1.7 Alternation of i and u(?) 75 5.1.8 Alternation of u and o 76 5.1.9 Developments of Old Indo-Aryan ṛ 77 5.1.10 Reduction of ava 77 5.2 Consonants 78 5.2.1 Consonants in Initial Position 78 5.2.2 Developments of Intervocalic Consonants 79 5.2.3 Consonant Clusters 87 5.3 Metathesis and Intrusive r 97 5.4 Epenthesis (Svarabhakti Vowels) 98 5.5 The Contraction of Syllables Involving ya 98 5.6 Sandhi Phenomena 99 5.6.1 Vowel Hiatus 100 5.6.2 Vowel Sandhi 100 5.6.3 Original Final m Remaining before Vowels 101 5.6.4 Organic Sandhi Consonants 101 5.6.5 Inorganic Sandhi Consonants 102
6. Morphology 106 6.1 Nominal Forms 106 6.1.1 Stems in -a, Masculine and Neuter 106 6.1.2 Feminine Stems in Original -ā 111 6.1.3 Other Vocalic Stems 111 6.1.4 Original Consonant Stems 112 6.1.5 Nominal Compounds 114 6.2 Pronouns, Pronominals, and Numerals 115 6.2.1 Personal Pronouns 115 6.2.2 Third-Person/Demonstrative Pronouns 115 6.2.3 Relative Pronoun 116 6.2.4 Interrogative Pronouns 116 6.2.5 Pronominally Declined Adjectives 116 6.2.6 Numerals 116 6.3 Verbal Forms 116 6.3.1 Present Tense 116 6.3.2 Optative 116 6.3.4 Imperative 117 6.3.5 Future 117 6.3.6 Future Imperative 117 6.3.7 Absolutives (Gerunds) 117 6.3.8 Infinitives 118 6.3.9 Participles 118
7. Transcribed Text, Reconstruction, and Translation 120 7.1 Transcribed Text 120 7.2 Reconstruction and Translation of the Text 124 7.2.1 The "Dh
