Timothy Lenz is a postdoctoral research assistant at the University of Washington and a member of the British Library/University of Washington Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project.
摘要
This volume continues the detailed examination of the British Library Kharosthi scrolls--extremely fragile and brittle fragments of manuscript on birch-bark rolls. Although their provenance is uncertain, there are strong indications that they came from Hadda in eastern Afghanistan and were most likely written in the early first century A.D. during the reign of the Saka rulers, making them the oldest known Buddhist manuscripts.
Fragments 16 and 25 are two long, relatively narrow fragments that obviously belong to the same scroll. Two texts were written on the scroll, each by a different scribe. The first text, referred to as the Gandhari London Dharmapada, represents an anthology of verses well known in the Buddhist tradition. The second text is a series of stories concerning previous births of the Buddha and of some of his disciples.
目次
Contents List of Illustrations and Tables xi Preface xiii Transcription and Citation System xvii Abbreviations xix
1. Description of British Library Fragments 16+25 3 1.1. Physical Description, Patterns of Damage, and Reconstruction of the Scroll 3 1.2. The Texts 6 1.3. Scribal Hands 6 1.4. Original Length of the Scroll 6
PART 1. THE GĀNDHĀRĪ LONDON DHARMAPADA 2. Introduction and Analysis: Dharmapada 11 2.1. Dharmapada Texts and the Importance of the London Dharmapada 11 2.2. A Second Gāndhārī Manuscript of the Bhikhuvarga 14 2.3. Text Transmission and Verse Ordering 17 2.4. Language, Transposition, and Translation 19 2.5. Meters and Translation 24
3. Paleography and Orthography: Dharmapada 30 3.1. The Writing Instrument 30 3.2. General Features of the Hand 30 3.3. Foot Marks 30 3.4. Analysis of Individual Letter Forms (Table 3) 30 3.4.1. Independent Vowels 31 3.4.2. Consonants 31 3.4.3. Conjunct Consonants 37 3.5. Orthography 37 3.6. Punctuation 38 3.7. Corrections 38 3.8. Paleographic Dating 38
4. Phonology: Dharmapada 39 4.1. Vowels 39 4.1.1. Palatalization of a 39 4.1.2. Alternation of u and o 39 4.1.3. Alternation of e and i 40 4.1.4. Developments of OIA ṛ 40 4.2. Consonants 40 4.2.1. Developments of Intervocalic Consonants 40 4.2.2. Consonant Clusters 43 4.3. Metathesis 45
5. Morphology: Dharmapada 46 5.1. Nominal Forms 46 5.1.1. Stems in a. Masculine and Neuter 46 5.1.2. Feminine Stems in Original -ā 49 5.1.3. Masculine Stems in -u 49 5.1.4. Nominal Compounds 49 5.2. Pronouns, Pronominals, and Numerals 49 5.2.1. Third-Person/Demonstrative Pronouns 49 5.2.2. Relative Pronouns 49 5.2.3. Indefinite Pronouns 50 5.2.4. Pronominally Declined Adjectives 50 5.2.5. Numerals 50 5.3. Verbal Forms 50 5.3.1. Present Tense 50 5.3.2. Preterites 50 5.3.3. Absolutives (Gerunds) 50 5.3.4. Participles 50 5.4. Particles and Indeclinable Adverbs 50
PART II. THE PURVAYOGA TEXT 7. Introduction and Analysis: Pūrvayoga Text 79 7.1. The Pūrvayogas of Fragments 16+25 79 7.2. Format 82 7.3. Abbreviation Formulae 85 7.4. Pūrvayogas and Avadānas in Gāndhārī Literature 92 7.5. Other Traditions of Summary Stories 92 7.6. Organization of the Pūrvayogas 98 7.7. Observations on the Use of Pūrvayogas 99 7.8. The Authors of the Pūrvayogas and Their Language 102 7.9. The Relationship between Written Pūrvayogas and Avadānas and Other Texts 108 7.10. The Nature of the British Library Collection 108
8. Paleography and Orthography: Pūrvayoga Text 111 8.1. The Writing Instrument 111 8.2. General Features of the Hand 111 8.3. Foot Marks 112 8.4. Analysis of Individual Letter Forms (Table 5) 112 8.4.1. Independent Vowels 113 8.4.2. Consonants 113 8.4.3. Conjunct Consonants 122 8.5. Numbers 124 8.6. Punctuation 124 8.7. Corrections 125 8.8. Paleographic Dating 125 8.9. Orthography 125 8.9.1. Distribution of the Nasal Consonants ṇ and n and of the Sibilants s and s̱ 125 8.9.2. Indirect Notation of Geminate Consonants 126 8.9.3. Use of Diacritic Marks 126 8.9.4. Sandhi Phenomena 126
