中國初期唐密觀音梵咒之研究 －從竺難提、菩提流支到玄奘（A.D.419-662）=Research on Saṁskrit Dharanis of Avalokiteśvara within Tantra Buddhism in Early Tang Dynasty of China －from Nandi , Bodhiruci to Xuanzang（A.D.419-662）
唐密=Tantra Buddhism in Tang Dynasty; 觀音梵咒=sanskrit mantras of Avalokiteśvara; 大悲咒=Great Compassion mantra; 竺難提=Nandi from India; 玄奘=Xuan-zang
摘要
〈中國初期唐密觀音梵咒之研究－從竺難提、菩提流支到玄奘〉，以這三譯師所譯經咒，為探討依據，這段歷史，前後共經歷了243年。而我的論文研究焦點，主要是討論有關梵文原典的《法華經》，以蔣忠新所編註的《梵文〈妙法蓮華經〉寫本》作為梵文討論依據，然後，再處理有關竺法護所譯的《正法華經》、鳩摩羅什所譯的《妙法蓮華經》，以及崛多、笈多所譯的《添品妙法蓮華經》中有關〈觀世音菩薩普門品〉傳入中國的觀音信仰，到初期唐密觀音梵咒傳播的情況，作為對觀音梵咒歷史研究的開端。 事實上，初期觀音信仰的傳入，主要是源自於〈觀世音菩薩普門品〉，而唐密的傳播，最早可溯源自東晉時代的竺難提，而他所傳譯有關觀音梵咒的內容，分別有：1.《觀世音隨心咒》；2.《請觀世音、大勢至菩薩咒法》；以及3.《請觀世音菩薩消伏毒害陀羅尼咒經》。 到了南北朝時代，菩提流支所譯出有關觀音梵咒的內容，分別就有：1.《佛說護諸童子陀羅尼經》； 2.《大使咒法經》；以及3.《千手千眼觀世音菩薩姥陀羅尼身經》 到了唐初，玄奘所譯出有關觀音梵咒的內容，分別就有：1.《能滅眾罪千轉陀羅尼咒》；2.《六字咒》；3.《七俱胝佛咒》；4.《一切如來隨心咒》；以及5.《觀自在菩薩隨心咒》。 因此，本論文的研究目的，就是希望能夠把這一段長達243年的觀音梵咒譯經史（A.D.419-662），作一個比較有系統性的學術研究，從而試圖整理出整個大悲咒的前置性發展史，作為對日後「開元三大士」的大悲咒完整譯出，提供了一個前置性的思想史舖陳。 The title of my thesis is called the “Research on Saṁskrit Dharanis of Avalokiteśvara within Tantra Buddhism in Early Tang Dynasty of China－from Nandi , Bodhiruci to Xuanzang（A.D.419-662）” during the history of 243 years. My focus of this thesis is mainly concerned about the original samskrit texets of “Sad-dharma Puṇḍarika Sūtra”, we use the “Samskrit manuscript of ‘Sad-dharma Puṇḍarika Sūtra’” edited by Jiang Zhong-xin. After this, we also research about the first Chinese translation of Dharmarakṣa, which we called the “Real Lutos Sutra”. And we also research about the second Chinese translation of Kumarajīva, which we called the “Beautiful Lutos Sutra”. The third Chinese translation of two persons which we called them the Gupta and Gupta, the translated book was called “Aditional Beautiful Lutos Sutra”. From those three kinds of translations, we want to find out the early relative effected of the faith of Avalokiteśvara preaching to China by the chapter called “Samanta Mukha Parivarto Nāmāvalokiteśvara Vikurvaṇā Nirdeśaś Catur Viṃśatimaḥ”.（名為「觀世音普遍嘴臉示現演說」的第二十四品）So, we treat it as the begining history of preaching about the sanskrit mantra of Avalokiteśvara to China. In fact, the early preaching about the faith of Avalokiteśvara was mainly come from the chapter called “Samanta Mukha Parivarto Nāmāvalokiteśvara Vikurvaṇā Nirdeśaś Catur Viṃśatimaḥ”.And we can also find out the origin of the preaching of tantra Buddhism in Tang Dynasty, was by the man called Nandi from India, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Meanwhile, he also translated about the sanskrit mantra of Avalokiteśvara was included : 1. “the following heart mantra of Avalokiteśvara”, and also the 2.“The invation of the method of mantra of Avalokiteśvara and Mahāsthāmaprāta Bodhisattvās”. During the periods of Northern and Southern Dynasties in China, the contents of sanskrit mantra of Avalokiteśvara translated by Bodhiruci are: 1. “The protection for all boys Dharani Sutra"; and 2. “the method of mantra of Mahādūta Sutra”. During the beginning of Tang Dynasty, Xuan-zang had translated about the sanskrit mantras of Avalokiteśvara, which we called : 1. “The thousand turns of dharanis which can destroy all the sins”, 2. “The six-characters mantras”, 3. “The mantras of seven koṭis Buddhas”, 4.“The following heart mantras of all Tathāgatas”, and 5.“The following heart mantras of Avalokiteśvara”. Therefore, the aim of my thesis is trying to setup the academical research systematically, about the long history of translation of sanskrit mantra during the period of 243 years (A.D.419-662). So, we try to find out the pre-developing history of Great Compassion mantra within the three Great Scholars during the period of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty of China.
