Author Affiliation: Arizona State University, USA.
摘要
Animals play crucial roles in Buddhist thought and practice. However, many symbolically or culturally significant animals found in India, where Buddhism originated, do not inhabit China, to which Buddhism spread in the medieval period. In order to adapt Buddhist ideas and imagery to the Chinese context, writers reinterpreted and modified the meanings different creatures possessed. Medieval sources tell stories of monks taming wild tigers, detail rituals for killing snakes, and even address the question of whether a parrot could achieve enlightenment.
Huaiyu Chen examines how Buddhist ideas about animals changed and were changed by medieval Chinese culture. He explores the entangled relations among animals, religions, the state, and local communities, considering both the multivalent meanings associated with animals and the daily experience of living with the natural world. Chen illustrates how Buddhism influenced Chinese knowledge and experience of animals as well as how Chinese state ideology, Daoism, and local cultic practices reshaped Buddhism. He shows how Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism developed doctrines, rituals, discourses, and practices to manage power relations between animals and humans.
Drawing on a wide range of sources, including traditional texts, stone inscriptions, manuscripts, and visual culture, this interdisciplinary book bridges history, religious studies, animal studies, and environmental studies. In examining how Buddhist depictions of the natural world and Chinese taxonomies of animals mutually enriched each other, In the Land of Tigers and Snakes offers a new perspective on how Buddhism took root in Chinese society.
目次
List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Buddhists Categorizing Animals: Medieval Chinese Classification 14 2. Confucians Civilizing Unruly Beasts: Tigers and Pheasants 35 3. Buddhists Taming Felines: The Companionship of the Tiger 63 4. Daoists Transforming Ferocious Tigers: Practical Techniques and Rhetorical Strategies 100 5. Buddhists Killing Reptiles: Snakes in Religious Competition 125 6. Buddhists Enlightening Virtuous Birds: The Parrot as a Religious Agent 151 Epilogue 178 Notes 183 Bibliography 229 Index 259
