一貫道發一崇德道場之發展與分布──以自逢甲伙食團畢業之點傳師開設之公共佛堂為例=The Development and Distribution of Fa-Yi-Chong-De, I-Kuan Tao:A Case Study of Public Temples Settled by Masters who Graduated from Feng-Chia School-Board Group
教堂、寺院、廟宇等建築是宗教文化的具體象徵，其在地理空間的分布，常被用來觀察特定宗教的發展。一貫道於1947年傳入臺灣，其中發一崇德組線在傳道過程中，於1973年在逢甲工商管理學院成立第一個學生伙食團，開啟發一崇德組線獨創的學界道務。藉由伙食團引渡大專生，培養出道場所需的知識份子人才，因而奠定了道親分布全球5大洲，80餘個國家的發展基礎。這些經由道場培育之大專學生於學校畢業後，在各地拓展道務的考量因素為何？其設置公共佛堂之考量因素又為何？在早期被學術界視為民間信仰的一貫道發展特色確與民間信仰不同，然其在臺灣地區的地理空間發展分布又是如何？目前尚未有文獻探討。因此，本研究藉由回顧宗教地理學及其他宗教之相關文獻，歸納神職人員與空間擴散之關係及設置宗教據點之考量因素，進而探討點傳師（即神職人員）擴散及公共佛堂選址之考量因素，並呈現一貫道發一崇德道場自逢甲伙食團畢業點傳師設置之公共佛堂在臺灣地區之空間分布型態。為滿足研究目的，本研究採質性研究法，選取自逢甲伙食團畢業、目前參與發一崇德道場運作之15位點傳師進行深度訪談，以內容分析法及文本分析法進行訪談內容之分析。研究成果包括1.大專學生道親在畢業後，因人際網絡及講求入世修而須考量工作機會、家庭及情感等因素，自臺中「移動」到臺灣各地，使得道 務向臺中以外地區拓展。當領命為一貫道點傳師後，再加上聽師調遣、自身使命感、宗教需求（開荒、道親需求）等神聖使命的考量因素而擴散。2. 自逢甲伙食團畢業之點傳師們設置公共佛堂選址之考量因素，在距離考量因素，包括交通條件、道親需求及就業地點等因素，以方便道親參與。在房屋屬性方面，空間、格局等則隨道務之宏展，需求提高。另須考量經濟能力及周圍環境等因素。3.自逢甲伙食團畢業之點傳師至臺灣各地開荒或參與之公共佛堂，其發展順序及地區呈現出高雄、臺北、臺南、桃園、臺中、嘉義、臺中及苗栗之空間擴散方式。 Churches, monasteries, temples and other religious buildings are a substantial symbol of religious culture, the spatial pattern of those buildings are often used to observe the development status of certain religion. I-Kuan-Tao has been spread into Taiwan in 1947, Fa-Yi-Chong-De (FYCD) which is one branch of I-Kuan-Tao settled down a School-board group around Feng Chia College in 1973. This School-board group gathered knowledge-based college students who are the most important human resources to enlarge the development of FYCD in Taiwan and all over the world. While how these college-graduated students expanded Tao? What factors did they concern? how to select the site of public temple ? What’s the spatial pattern of public temples? There are almost no articles discussed yet. Therefore, this study reviewed related articles of religious geography, inducted the relationship between clergy and the spatial distribution of religious buildings, the factors concerned of setting religious buildings to discuss the considerations and factors of expanding and selecting site for public temples of FYCD Master, and the spatial pattern of public temples of FYCD in Taiwan. To fulfill the purposes of this study, the authors collect related contents by in-depth interview from 15 Masters graduated from School-board group around Feng Chia College and Feng Chia University, and then analyze the contents by content analysis and text analysis. The findings include firstly, the factors of spreading Tao are college-graduated Tao members moved from Taichung to other cities or counties in Taiwan considered the social network of schoolmates, the opportunity to work, the relationship of family and self-emotion. When they were appointed to be Master, they considered more factors as following the Holy Teacher, self-mission, the needs of people and Tao members. Secondly, The Masters who graduated from School-board group around Feng Chia College and Feng Chia University selected the site of public temple concerning distance factors as transportation’s condition, the needs of Tao members, the job location and building factors as space and layout. Affordability and surrounding environment also be considered. Thirdly, the spatial pattern of public temples set down by Masters who graduated from School-board group around Feng Chia College and Feng Chia University are Kaohsiung, Taipei, Tainan, Taoyuan, Taichung, Chiayi, Taichung and Miaoli in order.
