Routledge Curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism Series
關鍵詞
佛教人物=Buddhist; 靜坐=Meditation; 禪修=Meditation
摘要
David Webster explores the notion of desire as found in the Buddhist Pali Canon. Beginning by addressing the idea of a 'paradox of desire', whereby we must desire to end desire, the varieties of desire that are articulated in the Pali texts are examined. A range of views of desire, as found in Western thought, are presented as well as Hindu and Jain approaches. An exploration of the concept of ditthi(view or opinion) is also provided, exploring the way in which 'holding views' can be seen as analogous to the process of desiring. Other subjects investigated include the mind-body relationship, the range of Pali terms for desire, and desire's positive spiritual value. A comparative exploration of the various approaches completes the work.
目次
List of abbreviations xiii
Introduction: desire, morality and approaches 1 Introduction: you cannot always get what you want 1 The paradox of desire 2 But what is ‘desire’? 4 Desire as problematic 7 Scope of this study 8 Approach and method 1: chapter outlines 8 Approach and method 2: key concepts 12 Approach and method 3: sources and textual issues 16 Conclusion: aspirations 16
1 Desire in Western thought 18 Introduction 18 An ancient lack 22 A striving after wind: Ecclesiastes and Judaeo-Christian thought 25 Shakespeare: love, death and desire 27 Surveying desire: Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke and Hume 29 Schopenhauer: the will and the world 30 Nietzsche to Deleuze: desire, will and power 35 Hegel and Butler 42 Sartre – desire and nothingness 43 The purification of desire: Theosophy 44 Mind-made desires 45 Conclusion 46
2 Desire in non-Buddhist Indian religion 49 Introduction 49 Desire in the Veda Samhitas 52 Desire as the enemy of the spiritual 57 Desire in the Bhagavad Gita 70 Sex, love and desire: the Kama Sutra 76 Jainism and desire: the calm fight against karma 81 Conclusion 86
3 Buddhism and desire: the varieties of desire 90 Introduction 90 Which Buddhism? 91 The redirection of desire 91 Desire and nibbana 94 Desire and the Buddha 97 The varieties of desire 98 The three roots of unskilful action (akusalamula) 100 Terms from the lobha list at Vibhakga 361–2 105 Terms not in the lobha list at Vibhakga 361–2 112 Some minor terms illustrative of desire 127 Tajha: craving and desire 129 Conclusion: landscapes of desire 140
4 Buddhism and desire: the dynamics of desire 143 Introduction 143 The nature of paticca-samuppada 146 Desire and paticca-samuppada 151 The mind–body relationship 158 The status of views: a structural analogy? 165 The problem with views 168 No-view or right-view? 171 Samma-ditthi – the nature of ‘Right-View’ 173 A paradox of views? 179 Desire and views: craving and ignorance 180 Reason and desire revisited 182 Conclusion 184
5 Conclusion: desire and the transformation of living 187 Introduction 187 Western perspectives 188 Brahmanic views: desire and ontological necessity 190 Buddhism and desire: an emerging position? 191 Roads to freedom 192 Desire and reason: challenging a bi-polar distinction 193 Desire and ‘lack’ 194 Desire and goodness 198 Desire and death: seeking the end of the world? 199 Desire, passion and love 200 Desire and contingency: change and craving 202 Desire and power: the creative craver 203 Desire beyond the person: cosmic desire 204 Lust for life: desire and skilful living 204
