三寶=The Three Jewels; 心靈=Spiritual; 佛教人物=Buddhist; 佛學研究=佛教學=Buddhist Studies=Buddhology; 波羅蜜多=paramita; 法師=Master; 初期佛教=早期佛教=根本佛教=原始佛教=Primitive Buddhism=Early Buddhism; 涅槃=Parinibbana=Nibbana=Nirvana; 般若波羅密多=般若=Prajnaparamita=Prajna=Perfection of Wisdom; 現觀莊嚴論=Abhisamayalamkara; 菩薩=Bodhisattva; 開悟=證悟=Satori=Enlightenment
摘要
James B. Apple examines one of the formative subjects in traditional Buddhist studies, the Twenty Varieties of the Samgha. The Samgha (community) is one of the Three Jewels (Buddha, Dharma, Samgha) universally revered by all Buddhists. While the Samgha is generally understood as the community of Buddhist ordained monks and nuns, along with lay adherents, the Twenty Varieties of the Samgha concerns an exemplary community of the twenty types of Noble Beings (arya-pudgala) who embody the Buddha's teachings. Focusing on the interpretation of the Samgha given by the fourteenth-century Tibetan scholar Tsong kha pa, Apple provides a comprehensive typology and analysis of the stages through which Noble Beings pass in their progress toward enlightenment through multiple lifetimes in various cosmological realms. He explains the cosmographic formations and complex structures of Buddhist spiritual cultivation, illustrating how Tibetan and Indian Buddhists conceptualize all possible states on the path to enlightenment.
"Dealing with an interesting and understudied topic, Apple displays a thorough mastery of the Samgha in the Abhisamayalamkara and its surrounding literature." -- Roger R. Jackson, translator of Tantric Treasures: Three Collections of Mystical Verse from Buddhist India
目次
1. The Topic of the Twenty Samghas a. Methodological Considerations b. Tsong kha pa’s Hermeneutical Strategy c. Hermeneutical Strategies in Approaching the Twenty Samghas 2. Tsong kha pa and the Abhisamayalamkara Commentarial Tradition a. Indian Predecessors in the Abhisamayalamkara Tradition b. Tsong kha pa’s Tibetan Predecessors in the Abhisamayalamkara Tradition c. The Abhisamayalamkara and Twenty Samghas in Tsong kha pa’s Life and Works Summary 3. Contextual and Doctrinal Presumptions a. Locating the Twenty Samghas in the Abhisamayalamkara b. Samgha in Early Buddhism and in the Abhisamayalamkara c. Avaivartika-Samgha as Refuge in the Abhisamayalamkara d. Path and Yogic Systems of the Abhisamayalamkara e. Cosmological Factors Summary 4. Analysis of the Twenty Samghas a. An Introduction to the Topic from the Root Texts b. The Allegorical Samgha of Sravakas 5. An Assembly of Irreversible Bodhisattvas a. The Actual Samgha of Bodhisattvas b. Enumerating Bodhisattvas in the Prajñaparamita c. Relationship between the Actual Samgha and the Allegorical Samgha
