Study on the ''Abridged Manual for Cultivation and Realization of [Repentance] Ritual [based on] the Scripture of Perfect Enlightenment Bodhimanda'' compiled by Jingyuan (1011 - 1088)=研究淨源(1011 - 1088) 錄《圓覺經道場略本修證儀》
This thesis analyzes and examines the Abridged Manual for Cultivation and Realization of [Repentance] Ritual [based on] the Scripture of Perfect Enlightenment Bodhimanda compiled by Jingyuan's (1011-1088). This Abridged Manual is a summary of Zongmi (780-841)'s 18-scroll Liturgy for Cultivation and Practice of the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment Bodhimanda. Jingyuan's work presents the essential procedure and principles of this 18-scroll liturgy in a concise form, so that the ritual could be completed within a short period of time instead of several weeks. Based on Zongmi’s idea the “Invitation Ritual” is to be performed before the "Offering Ritual". This appears to be a major deviation from ritualistic traditions presented in other repentance texts. The “Purification Ritual” especially on three external factors (Bodhi site, clothing, and body), is taken seriously as it is the first step in the initiation of the liturgy. It is believed that these three external factors could affect the calmness and purity of mind of the practitioners and thus should be treated with maximum attentiveness. Besides, it also shows respectfulness to all the Buddhas and Sages who are going to be invited to attend the repentance ritual. A copy of the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment is worshipped in the Bodhi site, and Chapter of the Perfect Enlightenment from this sutra is going to be recited at the end of the liturgy procedures. The Three kinds of Contemplations (Samatha, samapatti, and dhyana) which were taught in this sutra were introduced as the meditation methods in this Manual. In addition, the Three Sages of Huayan are enshrined in the Bodhi site. Thus one might conclude that both the work of Zongmi and Jingyuan represent a combined Perfect Enlightenment-Huayan tradition, and thus are characteristic works of late Tang-Song Huayan tradition. The structure of this Abridged Manual is comprised of the series of systematic ritual actions. The ritual begins with the initial step of purification of the surrounding environment, and gradually unfolds into the process of inner purification, that is purification of body, speech, and mind. Jingyuan indicates the specific importance of the practice of Fivefold Repentance, the Ten Minds of Contradiction and Following the Cycle of Rebirth and Death, and Ratnamati’s Seven Ways of Worshipping Buddhas in this repentance liturgy.
Eventually, Jingyuan concluded that this repentance liturgy actually belongs to the Bodhi site of Chan Contemplation and all the repentance procedures are considered as the expedient means. It is because Zongmi presumed that the Bodhi site Practice is a skilful method for people with inferior capacity to cultivate and to realize their intrinsic “Perfect Enlightenment”. In conclusion, this Abridged Manual is suitable for people in this Age of Final Dharma to practice. The retreat period implied by this Abridged Manual depends on one’s ability and inspiration. It could be short, such as completed within 7 days or even within a day, or it can be as long as 49 days of observation. As this Manual has long been abandoned, hopefully my research will contribute to the revival of it in modern monastic practices. It will purify bodies and minds of sentient beings.
目次
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE BIOGRAPHY OF JINGYUAN 淨源 (1011-1088) 8 1.1 LIFE HISTORY OF JINGYUAN 9 1.2 JINGYUAN’S WORKS 12 CHAPTER TWO REPENTANCE RITUAL IN CHINESE BUDDHISM AND JINGYUAN’S MANUAL 15 2.1 ANALYSIS ON THE STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF THE “ABRIDGED MANUAL FOR CULTIVATION AND REALIZATION OF [REPENTANCE] RITUAL [BASED ON] THE SCRIPTURE OF PERFECT ENLIGHTENMENT BODHIMANDA” 23 2.2 ANALYSIS ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE ABRIDGED MANUAL 26 CHAPTER THREE TRANSLATION OF “ABRIDGED MANUAL FOR CULTIVATION AND REALIZATION OF [REPENTANCE] RITUAL [BASED ON] THE SCRIPTURE OF PERFECT ENLIGHTENMENT BODHIMANDA” 34 3.1 SECTION ONE: GENERAL EXPLANATION FOR THE CIRCUMSTANCES AND THE ORIGIN OF THE CEREMONY 35 3.2 SECTION TWO: STRICTLY PURIFYING THE BODHI SITE 39 3.3 SECTION THREE: RESPECTFULLY INVITE THE WORTHIEST SAGES 42 3.4 SECTION FOUR: GATE OF CONTEMPLATION AND OFFERINGS 46 3.5 SECTION FIVE: SITTING UPRIGHT AND CONTEMPLATING 48 3.6 SECTION SIX: PRAISING AND VENERATING THE TATHAGATA 50 3.7 SECTION SEVEN: BOWING IN RESPECT TO THE TRIPLE GEM 51 3.8 SECTION EIGHT: PRACTICING THE FIVEFOLD REPENTANCE 55 3.9 SECTION NINE: CIRCUMAMBULATION WHILE RECITING BUDDHAS’ NAMES 62 3.10 SECTION TEN: WARNING AND EXHORTATION FOR PRACTICE 63 3.11 EPILOGUE: MAKING OF “ABRIDGED MANUAL FOR CULTIVATION AND REALIZATION OF [REPENTANCE] RITUAL [BASED ON] THE SCRIPTURE OF PERFECT ENLIGHTENMENT” 66 CHAPTER FOUR ANNOTATED THE TRANSLATION OF THE “ABRIDGED MANUAL FOR CULTIVATION AND REALIZATION OF [REPENTANCE] RITUAL [BASED ON] THE SCRIPTURE OF PERFECT ENLIGHTENMENT BODHIMANDA” 67 4.1 ANNOTATION ON SECTION ONE: THE GENERAL EXPLANATION FOR THE CIRCUMSTANCES AND THE ORIGIN OF THE CEREMONY 70 4.2 ANNOTATION ON SECTION TWO: STRICTLY PURIFYING THE BODHI SITE 81 4.3 ANNOTATION ON SECTION THREE: RESPECTFULLY INVITE THE WORTHIEST SAGES 87 4.4 ANNOTATION ON SECTION FOUR: GATE OF CONTEMPLATION AND OFFERINGS 89 4.5 ANNOTATION ON SECTION FIVE: SITTING UPRIGHT AND CONTEMPLATING 90 4.6 ANNOTATION ON SECTION EIGHT: PRACTICING THE FIVEFOLD REPENTANCE 91 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION 96 APPENDIX A. ORIGINAL TEXT OF THE “ABRIDGED MANUAL FOR CULTIVATION AND REALIZATION OF [REPENTANCE] RITUAL [BASED ON] THE SCRIPTURE OF PERFECT ENLIGHTENMENT BODHIMANDA” 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES: SŪTRAS IN CHINESE CANONICAL COLLECTIONS 109 SECONDARY SOURCES: ENGLISH SOURCES 110 CHINESE SOURCES 111 INTERNET SOURCES: ENGLISH SOURCES 112 CHINESE SOURCES 112
