淨土宗=Pure Land Buddhism=Shin Buddhsim; 中國佛教=Chinese Buddhism; 禪淨雙修; 念佛
摘要
Modern studies of Buddhism and Chinese religion often refer to an indigenous Chinese Pure Land "school" that arose in the medieval period. This school is typically characterized as a distinct tradition with its own teachings and its own line of patriarchs, including T'an-luan (476-542), Tao-ch'o (562-645), and Shantao (613-681). In the Sung, exegetes such as Yung-ming Yen-shou (904-975) are credited with creating a synthesis of Pure Land teachings and Ch'an, and the result--"Ch'an/Pure Land syncretism"--emerged as the dominant form of Buddhist monastic practice from the end of the Sung down through the present day. In this article I argue that there is little evidence of anything resembling an independent or self-conscious Pure Land tradition in medieval China. Pure Land cosmology, soteriology, and ritual were always part-and-parcel of Chinese Buddhism in general and Ch'an monasticism in particular. Accordingly, there was no need for a "synthesis" of Pure Land and Ch'an. The modern conception of a Chinese Pure Land school with its own patriarchate and teachings, and the associated notion of Ch'an/Pure Land syncretism, are inordinately influenced by historical developments in Japan and the enduring legacy of sectarian polemics in contemporary Japanese scholarship.
目次
The Pure Land Patriarchate 286 Nien-fo and Early Ch'an 301 Sung Ch'an and Nien-fo 309 "Ch'an Pure Land" or Simply "Pure Land"? 314 Final Thoughts 320 Sources Cited 324 Chinese Buddhist Canonical Collections 324 Other Sources 324
