Buddhism in Taiwan; History of Buddhism in Taiwan; Folk Religion; Zhaijiao; Chinese Buddhism
摘要
While Buddhism as a pan-Chinese religion has been well-researched by both Asian and Western scholars, and folk religion in Taiwan has received detailed treatment by anthropologists and sociologists. Buddhism in Taiwan has been neglected by the scholarly community. Recently，however，scholars have come to realize that Taiwan is a unique part of China with its own history and culture，and Taiwan studies has come into its own as a separate area of inquiry. This dissertation seeks to present an overview of the history of Buddhism in Taiwan，concentrating on its transmission to the island，major figures, institutions, doctrinal developments, and interactions with the three regimes which have ruled Taiwan over the last three centuries.
Chapter one deals with Buddhism's arrival on Taiwan with successive waves of Chinese immigration，encompassing both "orthodox" Buddhism and the folk religion known as zhaijiao or "vegetarian religion." Chapters two and three take up the story with the cession of Taiwan to Japan in 1895 and deal with developments in Taiwan Buddhism during the fifty years of Japanese rule. Finally，chapters four through seven continue the story with the return of Taiwan to Chinese rule in 1945 and the retreat of the Nationalist government to the island in 1949. These chapters give separate treatment to the early period of political consolidation under the Nationalist regime，the Buddhist Association of the Republic of China (BARIC) as the leading Buddhist organization of the period，the subsequent period of pluralization，and educational issues.
目次
INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. THE QING DYNASTY PERIOD I. The Arrival and Development of Buddhism in Taiwan II. Zhaijiao During the Qing Dynasty A. Overview B. The Longhua Sect 1. The Yishi Hall Branch 2. The Hanyang Hall Branch 3. The Fuxin Hall Branch C. The Jinchuang Sect D. The Xiantian Sect III. Conclusion
Chapter 2. THE EARLY JAPANESE PERIOD I. The Advent of Japanese Buddhism II. The Four Great Lineages of Taiwan Buddhism During the Japanese Period A. Overview B. Ven. Shanhui (1881-1945) and the Lingquan ("Spirit Spring") Temple Lineage C Ven. Benyuan (1883-1946) and the Lingyun ("Soaring Clouds") Temple Lineage D. Ven. Jueli (1881-1933)，Ven. Miaoguo (1884-1964)，and the Fayun ("Dharma Cloud") Temple Lineage E. Ven. Yongding (1877-1939) and the Chaofeng ("Surpassing the Peak") Temple Lineage F. Conclusions
Chapter 3. BUDDHIST ASSOCIATIONS AND POLITICAL FORTUNES DURING THE LATE JAPANESE PERIOD 1. The Need to Associate A. Overview B. The Patriotic Buddhist Association C. The Buddhist Youth Association D. Taiwan Friends of the Buddhist Way E. The South Seas Buddhist Association II. The Japanization Movement and Temple Regulation III. The Fate of Zhaijiao IV. Conclusion：How Great an Impact?
Chapter 4. RETROCESSION AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE MAINLAND MONKS I. Interlude：1945-1949 A. The Expulsion of the Japanese and the Reorganization of Taiwan Buddhism B. The 2/28 Incident C. Ven. Cihang and his Times II. The Mainland Monks Arrive in Taiwan III. The BAROC's Impression of Buddhism in Taiwan and Definition of Its Own Task IV. Early Doctrinal Controversy：Pure Land Buddhism A. The Continuing Influence of Ven. Yinguang's Pure Land Revival 1. Yinguang (1861-1940) and his Pure Land Revival 2. The Adoption of Lingyan Shan Temple Liturgies into the Taiwan Breviary 3. Li Bingnan (1890-1986) B. The Controversy over Ven. Yinshun's "New Treatise on the Pure Land" 1. Ven. Yinshun (1906-) 2. The "New Treatise on the Pure Land" 3. The Controversy and its Aftermath
Chapter 5. THE BUDDHIST ASSOCIATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA I. The Early Period 1949-1960 A. The Flight to Taiwan B. The BAROC's Organization，Mission，and Activities Under the Zhangjia's Presidency 1. Organization 2. Relations with the Government 3. Mission and Activities C. The BAROC's Efforts to Reform the Monastic Ordination System D. The Vitality of the Nun's Order after 1952 E. After the Zhangjia II. The Middle Period Under Baisheng 1960-1986 A. A Biography of Ven. Baisheng B. Internationalism under Baisheng 1. Ordinations of Foreign Monks 2. Involvement in International Organizations (a) World Fellowship of Buddhists (b) World Buddhist Sangha Council (c) World Chinese Buddhist Sangha Council (d) Other Foreign Contacts C. Continuation of the Struggle to Regain Possession of Japanese-era Temples D. Criticisms of the BAROC III. The Period of Pluralization and the BAROC's Diminished Role
Chapter 6. THE PERIOD OF PLURALIZATION 1. Background A. Chronology B. Factors That Contributed to Pluralization 1. Internal Factors 2. External Factors (a) Lifting of Martial Law，1987 (b) 1989 Revised Law on the Organization of Civic Groups II. The Chinese Buddhist Lay Association III. Fo Kuang Shan A. Biography of Ven. Xingyun B. The Founding and Elaboration of Fo Kuang Shan C. Developments in Fo Kuang Shan after 1989 D. "Fo Kuang Buddhism" as a New Form of Chinese Buddhist Sectarianism 1. Standardization 2. Religious Dimensions E. Conclusions IV. The Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Association A. Ven. Zhengyan and the History of the Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Association B. The Association as a Lay Organization C. The Religious and Moral Vision of the Tzu Chi Association D. The Tzu Chi Association as a Women's
