Author Affiliations: Professor and chair of the religious studies department at Naropa University.
關鍵詞
Dakini; Buddhism in Tibet; Femininity; 心靈=Spiritual; 西藏佛教=藏傳佛教=Tibetan Buddhism; 空行母=Dakini
目次
Illustrations ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xxiii INTRODUCTION Encountering the Ḍākinī 1 Missed Opportunities, Skewed Interpretations 4 The Ḍākinī as Symbol in Tibetan Buddhism 8 CHAPTER ONE Gender, Subjectivity, and the Feminine Principle 11 Jungian Interpretations of the Ḍākinī: "Fantasy of Opposites" 11 Feminist Interpretations of the Ḍākinī: Problems and Promise 17 The Complexity of Religious Symbols: Spiritual Subjectivity 25 Gender in Traditional Tibet 33 Symbolism and Subjectivity: The Feminine Principle 39 CHAPTER TWO The Ḍākinī in Tibetan Buddhism 43 Ḍākinī Development in India 45 The Meaning of the Ḍākinī in TIbetan Buddhism 51 General Classifications of Ḍākinīs 53 The Three Bodies of Enlightened Ḍākinīs 65 Four Aspects of Ḍākinī: Outer-Outer, Outer, Inner, and Secret 69 Conclusion 79 CHAPTER THREE The Secret Ḍākinī: The Great Mother 81 The Great Mother Prajñāpāramitā 84 Vajrayāna Transformation: Great Queen Prajñāpāramitā 89 Evoking the Secret Ḍākinī: Practicing the Guru's Instructions 94 Vajrayāna Meditation Practice: Creation and Completion 96 The Mother as Birth-Giver: Symbols Arising from Space 98 Aniconic Representations of the Mother 106 Iconographic Depictions of the Great Mother 110 How Is the Mother Feminine? 112 CHAPTER FOUR The Inner Ḍākinī: The Visionary Queen 116 Maṇḍala Principle 117 The Charnel Ground 121 The Ḍākinī in the Charnel Ground 121 Coemergence, Heat, and the Charnel Ground 132 Vajrayoginī, the Coemergent Mother 137 Alternate Forms of Vajrayoginī 144 Is Vajrayoginī a Goddess? 147 The Maṇḍala of the Heruka and Ḍākinī: Cakrasaṃvara and Vajrayoginī 153 Yab-Yum and Subjectivity 158 CHAPTER FIVE The Outer Ḍākinī: The Subtle Body of Bliss 161 Tantra and Embodiment 162 The Subtle Body in Tibetan Buddhism 168 Ḍākinīs and the Sacred Landscape of the Subtle Body 172 Feminine, Masculine, and the Subtle Body 176 The Ḍākinī as the Symbol of Subtle-Body Yoga 179 Conclusion 180 CHAPTER SIX The Outer-Outer Ḍākinī: The Ḍākinī in Human Form 182 Symbol and Actuality: Human Ḍākinīs 186 Types of Human Ḍākinīs 187 Physical Signs of the Ḍākinī 189 Female Tantric Gurus 194 The Ḍākinī as Mother, Sister, or Maid 199 Embodied Ḍākinī as the Practice and the Realization 202 Every Woman Is Part of the Ḍākinī 204 Prajñā, Upāya, Women, and Men 208 Desire and Sexuality in Buddhist Tantra 211 Sexual Yoga and the Ḍākinī 216 Types of Consorts 223 Milarepa and Karmamudrā 231 CHAPTER SEVEN Living Encounters with the Ḍākinī 234 Ḍākinī as Messenger and Intermediary 235 Determining the Ḍākinī's Identity 240 Timing and Quality of Encounters 242 Transmission as the Blessing of the Ḍākinī's Body 246 Ḍākinī Activities: Devouring and Feeding 253 Gender Differences: Yoginī Encounters with the Ḍākinī 259 CHAPTER EIGHT Protectors of the Tantric Teachings 265 Auspicious Coincidence and Uḍḍiyāṇa 267 Symbols Hidden and Revealed 270 The Wisdom Ḍākinī Protector Ekajaṭī 267 On Behalf of the Tradition: Founders of New Lineages of Teaching 279 CONCLUSION Ḍākinī's Warm Breath: Quintessence of a Tantric Symbol 286
