文殊菩薩=Manjusri; Hua-yen; Mi-chiao; Vajrabodhi; Amoghavajra; Hyech'o; Gimello, Robert M.; 詹密羅; 文殊師利; 華嚴; 密教; 金剛智; 不空金鋼; 慧超
摘要
In the last quarter of the eighth century there appeared in northern Chinese esoteric Buddhist circles a text entitled Ta-sheng yu-ch'ieh chin-kang man-shi-shih-li ch'ien-pi ch'ien-po ta-chiao-wang ching 大乘瑜珈經剛性海曼殊次利千臂千缽大教王經 (The Scripture of the King of the Great Teaching，Manjusri of the Thousand Bowls, Ocean of the Adamantine Nature of Manjusri Yoga-Taisho daizokyo 大正大藏經 #1177a). According to its long and detailed preface，this work was a Chinese rendering of a Sanskrit tantra that had been brought to China by the missionary Vajrabodhi (Chin-kang-chih 金剛智，d.741). It is said to have been translated by the great Chen-yen 真言 prelate Amoghavajra (Pu-k'ung-chin-kang 不空金剛，705-774) and his Korean associate Hyech'o 慧超 (704?-787). In actuality，however，it is a Chinese apochryphon of mysterious provenance that combines in novel ways the imagery and liturgy of early Indian Tantric Buddhism with doctrinal themes drawn from the Chinese Hua-yen 華嚴 (Flower Garland) tradition. The protagonist of the text is the great bodhisattva Manjusri (Wen-shu 文殊)，but that famous deity appears here in form that is elsewhere quite unknown. He is depicted，after the fashion of a famous image of Avalokitesvara (Kuan-yin 觀音)，with one thousand arms. In each of his thousand hands he holds a begging bowl，and in each bowl there appears a Buddha. The cult of this particular version of Manjusri，virtually unknown elsewhere in East Asia, seems to have flourished in northern China in late T'ang 唐，Five Dynasties 五朝，Hsi-hsia 西夏，and N. Sung 北宋 periods, particularly in the regions of Wu-t'ai Shan 五臺山 and Tun-huang 敦煌.
This paper will be an analysis of this unique from of Manjusri，illustrated with photographs (slides) of pictorial representations of him found among the Tun-huang murals and sculptural representations preserved in temples at Wu-t'ai-shan and T'ai-yyan. It will also pay particular attention to the "humanizing" function of Esoteric Buddhism (Mi-chiao 密教) -- i.e.，to the ways in which esoteric practice and imagery serve to render the abstractions of Hua-yen thought more experientially apprehensible and thus also more practicable "in this world."
