Prominent in several Buddhist traditions, the Rhinoceros Sutra espouses the virtues of solitude, explaining the dangers of attachments, prescribing a solitary spiritual life, and discussing the nature of friends and friendship. British Library Fragment 5B is the remnant of a scroll that originally contained a complete text of the Rhinoceros Sutra. A Gandhari Version of the Rhinoceros Sutra examines in detail the literary and textual background of the sutra, describes the condition of the scroll and its reconstruction, analyzes the text, comparing it with other extant versions, and presents a literal English translation. Although the original provenance of the British Library's Kharosthi scrolls is uncertain, there are strong indications that they came from Hadda in the Jalalabad Plain of eastern Afghanistan, just west of the Khyber Pass. The scrolls were most likely written during the reign of the Saka rulers, in the early first century A.D., making them in all probability the oldest Buddhist texts ever found, as well as the earliest surviving manuscripts in any Indic language. The discovery of the British Library scrolls has brought to light a previously unknown realm of Buddhist literature and scholarship, and revealed that Gandhari was one of the major literary languages of Indian Buddhism.
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PART I: INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS 1. The Rhinoceros Sutra 1.1 Versions 1.2 Contents and Theme 1.3 Connection with the Pratyeka-Buddha/Pacceka-Buddha Tradition 1.4 Titles 1.5 The Rhinoceros Sutra in Buddhist Literature 2. The Text of the Gandhari Rhinoceros Sutra 2.1 Description of the Manuscript 2.2 Reconstruction of the Scroll 2.3 Descriptive List of the Khvs-G Scroll Fragments 3. The Uddana 3.1 Format 3.2 Contents and Reconstruction 3.3 Peculiar Features 3.4 Enumerative Units 3.5 Verse Fillers and Other Compositional Devices 3.6 Discrepancies between the Text and the Uddana 4. Comparison of the Pali, Sanskrit, and Gandhari Versions of the Rhinoceros Sutra 4.1 General Comparison 4.2 Detailed Comparison of the Gandhari and Pali Versions 4.3 Conclusions 4.4 Clues to the Underlying Source Dialect: Language, Translation, and Meter 5. Paleography and Orthography 5.1 The Writing Instrument 5.2 General Features of the Hand 5.3 Stroke Analysis 5.4 Foot Marks 5.5 Analysis of Individual Letter Forms 5.6 Punctuation 5.7 Corrections 5.8 Paleographic Dating 5.9 Orthography 6. Phonology 6.1 Vowels 6.2 Consonants 6.3 Metathesis 7. Morphology 7.1 Nominal Forms 7.2 Pronouns, Pronominals, and Numerals 7.3 Verbla Forms 7.4 Particles and Indeclinable Adverbs PART II: TRANSCRIBED TEXT WITH TRANSLATION PART III: ANNOTATED TEXT, TRANSLATION, AND COMMENTARY Appendix 1: Readings of Unlocated Fragments Appendix 2: Concordance of Gandhari, Pali, and Sanskrit Texts of the Rhinoceros Sutra Appendix 3: Texts of the Pali and Sanskrit Versions of the Rhinoceros Sutra Appendix 4: Edition of British Library Fragment 5A
