Amod Lele Email: lele@bu.edu Boston University U.S.A.
摘要
Śāntideva (literally “god of peace”) was the name given to an Indian Mahāyāna Buddhist philosopher-monk, known as the author of two texts, the Bodhicaryāvatāra and the Śikṣāsamuccaya. These works both express the ideal of the bodhisattva — the ideal person of Mahāyāna Buddhism. The term Mahāyāna, literally “Great Vehicle,” came into use to mean the idea of attempting to become a bodhisattva (and eventually a buddha) oneself, rather than merely following the teachings set out by Siddhārtha Gautama (considered the original Buddha). This was the earliest usage of the term mahāyāna in Sanskrit, although even by Śāntideva's time, understandings of what becoming a bodhisattva involved had undergone many changes; the Mahāyāna had come to be understood as a separate school rather than as a vocation (see Nattier 2003; Harrison 1987).
Both of Śāntideva's texts explore the bodhisattva ideal as an ethical one, in that they prescribe how a person should properly live, and provide reasons for living in that way. Śāntideva's close attention to ethics makes him relatively unusual among Indian philosophers, for whom metaphysics (or theoretical philosophy more generally) was more typically the primary concern. Śāntideva’s ethical thought is widely known, cited and loved among Tibetan Buddhists, and is increasingly coming to the attention of Western thinkers. Śāntideva's metaphysics is of interest primarily because of its close connection to his ethics.
目次
History and Works Writings Life Reception and Influence The Progress of the Bodhisattva Excellence in Means Good and Bad Karma The Perfections Giving Giving as Giving Up Upward Gifts: Expressing Esteem Downward Gifts: Attracting Others Good Conduct Patient Endurance Happiness from Enduring Suffering The Case Against Anger Heroic Strength Meditation Equalization of Self and Other Exchange of Self and Other Meditations Against the Three Poisons Metaphysical Insight Content Practical Implications References and Further Reading Primary Works Translations Cited General Studies of Śāntideva Specialized Studies Related Interest
