Cārvāka/Lokāyata; first cause; kāla; Medical compilations; Sāṃkhya; svabhāva; yadṛchhā
摘要
svabhāva (own being) and yadṛchhā (chance, accident) are named as two different claimants among others as the first cause (Jagatkāraṇa) in the ŚvUp. But in later works, such as Aśvaghoṣa's poems, svabhāva is synonymous with yadṛchhā and entails a passive attitude to life. Later still, svabhāva is said to be inhering in the Lokāyata materialist system, although in which sense—cosmic order or accident—is not always clearly mentioned. Svabhāva is also a part of the Sāṃkhya doctrine and is mentioned in the medical compilations. It is proposed that the idea of svabhāva as cosmic order became a part of Lokāyata between the sixth and the eighth century CE and got widely accepted by the tenth century, so much so that in the fourteenth century Sāyaṇa-Mādhava aka Vidyāraṇya could categorically declare that the Cārvāka/Lokāyata upheld causality, not chance. But the other meaning of svabhāva, identical with yadṛchhā, continued to circulate along with kāla, time, which was originally another claimant for the title of the first cause and similarly had acquired several significations in course of time. Both significations of svabhāva continued to be employed by later writers, and came to be used in another domain, that of daiva (fate) vis-à-vis puruṣakāra (manliness or human endeavour).
目次
Abstract 593 Keywords 593 Introductory Remarks 593 Different Views on Svabhavavada vis-à-vis the Cārvāka/Lokāyata 594 Other Modern Views on Svabhava 595 When Svabhāvavāda and Lokāyata Came to Coalesce 603 Two Significations of Kāla and Svabhāva 604 Materialist Views in India: One or Many? 607 Summing Up 609 Acknowledgement 610 Appendix 610 Abbreviations and References 611
