藏傳佛教=Tibetan Buddhism; 解脫=Liberation; 第一世達賴喇嘛-根敦珠=His Holiness The First Dalai Lama-Gen dun Drud; 《阿毘達摩俱舍論-解脫道明析》; 說分別部=Sarvastivada; 經量部=Sautrantika; 中觀宗=Madhyamika
摘要
解脫是佛教追求的境界。凡夫及有學道菩薩因尚未斷盡煩惱，故無法究竟解脫；小乘阿羅漢、大乘阿羅漢-佛陀，由於煩惱圓滿盡斷，是故成就了諸行無常、有漏皆苦、諸法無我、涅槃寂靜之「四法印」最高解脫的境界。本論文即是要探討佛教的解脫理論，以第一世達賴喇嘛-根敦珠（དགེ་འདུན་གྲུབ་）所著：《阿毘達摩俱舍論-解脫道明析》(མཛོད་ཐར་འམ་གསལ་བེད་)為依據，從「說分別部」བེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་་བ (Sarvastivada)之見解為主，輔以「經量部」མདོ་སེ་པ་ (Sautrantaka) 、「中觀宗」དབུ་མ་པ(Madhyamika)及「唯識宗」སེམས་ཙམ་པ(Dharma character school)等宗義之議論，進而探究佛教之解脫思想。 本文於緒論中首先介紹：《阿毘達摩俱舍論-解脫道明析》(མཛོད་ཐར་འམ་གསལ་བེད་་)之作者時代背景及此論典之總論、科判、正文及後記；第二章將從阿毘達磨(Abhidharma，巴利文：Abhidhamma)系統及金剛乘(Vajrayana)之時輪(Kalachakra)的佛學系統，討論佛教的宇宙觀，以及心識之心與心所、十智及四諦、二諦，從苦諦開展62界、18界與集諦之煩惱業識生起門，進而探討輪迴中十二因緣及四有的15業識理論。 第三章將著重於凡夫與聖者之區別、生死流轉之形式，以及如何透過修持的理論與方法，實踐煩惱止息之無漏智慧境界，以及探討禪定與功德在解脫過程中所扮演的角色；第四章介紹如何透過心識與智慧的認知，經由福德資糧之累積，而達到止息煩惱痛苦的境界，並略述其間心意識的轉化機制，當中涉及到滅諦與道諦之還滅，以及三乘究竟與一乘究竟之差別，最後探討不同聖者悟道之區別，包括證量、時間、心智等。 綜合以上各章所述，將藏傳佛教原始典籍為主軸，以第一世達賴喇嘛-根敦珠為主之見解，來探討佛教解脫思想之原理與意境，期能對漢藏佛學交流有初步之貢獻。
Liberation is the goal of Buddhism. Ordinary beings and Bodhisattvas that are still learning have yet to completely eliminate their afflictions and so are unable to attain liberation. Buddha on the other hand, having reach Arhathood in both Manayana and Hinayana practices, has completely eliminated all afflictions, so attained utmost liberation and realization of “The Four Essentials of the Dharma”: all conditioned phenomena are transient, all polluted phenomena are dukkha, all phenomena are empty and selfless, nirvana is true peace. In this paper, the main purpose is to explore the theory of liberation in Buddhism, basing on the book by the first Dalai Lama - Gendun Drud (དགེ་འདུན་གྲུབ་) titled: "Abhidharma Kosa –Clear the Path to Liberation" (མཛོད་ཐར་འམ་གསལ་བེད་), standing mainly from the point of view of Sarvastivada (བེ་བྲག་སྨྲ་་བ) supported with ideas from Sautrāntika (མདོ་སེ་པ་) , Madhyamika school and Dharma character school, so as to explore the Buddhist thoughts of liberation. This article first introduces: "Abhidharma Kosa - Clear the Path to Liberation."(མཛོད་ཐར་འམ་གསལ་བེད་་) the authors background, introduction, sectionalizinginterpretation, main text and postscript of the book. The second chapter covers Abhidharma, Vajrayana and Kalachakra systems of Buddhism, Buddhism's cosmology, the mind and its conditions, ten wisdoms and four noble truths, two truths, from truth of dukkha to 62 realms, 18 realms and truth of causation that expounded the mechanism behind the formation of afflictions and karma. From there discusses rebirth through the 12 links of interdependent origination and 4 existences and its theory of 15 karma.consciousness. The third chapter will focus on the differences between ordinary beings and the saints, as well as the theories and methods of cultivation to achieve enlightenment that is ceasation of afflictions. The role of meditation and merit cultivation in the liberation process will also be explored. Chapter four describes how, through the understanding of consciousness and wisdom as well as through accumulation of V virtues, can one attain the ceasation of affliction and suffering, and briefly describe the mechanism of mental transformation that would happen in between. It will relate to the Truth of ceasation and Truth of path, as well as the differences between three vehicles and one vehicle path. Finally, we will discuss the differences between enlightenment of different saints, including their level of attainment, time spent and their mind. Based on the above chapters, with the Tibetan Buddhist original text as the main axis, taking the view point of first Dalai Lama -Gendun Drud (དགེ་འདུན་གྲུབ་) to explore the principle and realm of attainment in Buddhist liberation theory, in hope of a little contribution towards the exchange between Mandarin and Tibetan Buddhism.
