晚清華僧移民大馬的宗派研究 － 以漳州南山寺「喝雲派」為例=The Heyunpai Lineage from Nanshan Temple in Zhangzhou: A Study of Chinese Buddhist Lineages in Malaysia during Late Qing Dynasty
The transmission of Buddhism into the Malay Peninsula occurred early on, in the third century C.E. Buddhism's spread throughout Asia, as well as China's contact with the mainland and islands of Southeast Asia began around the same time. Large scale emigration from China to the Malay Peninsula occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, especially after the Opium War in the 1840s. The self-sufficient economy in Chinese coastal areas collapsed, causing rural farmers to go bankrupt, and forcing many people to leave their homes to make a living in Southeast Asia. This wave of immigrants, which was dominated by Fujianese, went to Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Emigrant laborers from the cities of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in the Fujian Province became wealthy and made generous donations to religion. This in turn became a reason for monks from Fujian to move there or visit for fundraising. At the same time, Buddhism in China declined and many temples went into disrepair due to lack of financial support. To rebuild these temples, contemporary reformers from Fujian visited those regions for fundraising. Such figures include Weimiao of the Xichan Temple in Fuzhou, Miaolian of Yongquan temple in Gushan, Pingzhang of Fuqing temple near Putian, Xican of Nanshan temple in Zhangzhou, and Zhuanchu of Xuefeng temple in Nan'an. This article focuses on the missionary activities in Southeast Asia of the Heyunpai 喝雲派 lineage from Nanshan temple in Zhangzhou beginning in the late nineteenth century.
