Pure Land Buddhism; Shinran; violence; nonviolence; Amida Buddha; ethical awareness; antinomianism; Ajātaśatru; Aṅgulimāla; five grave offenses; murder
摘要
This article examines the Pure Land Buddhist thinker Shinran (1173–1263), from whose teachings the Shin Buddhist tradition emerged. Shinran’s ideas provide an alternative model for considering moral judgments and issues related to violence. Since Shinran viewed violence as a mode of human action, the author asks how violence, whether inflicted or suffered, is to be understood by Shin Buddhists. This article further discusses how practitioners engaging the Pure Land path might deal with it, and the relevance of Shinran’s understanding here and now. This line of inquiry expands to consider how Shinran’s approach relates to norms used in modern discussions of violence. It scrutinizes the double structure of ethical awareness, discussing in particular how usual judgments of good and evil action can be contextualized and relativized. In the section dedicated to defusing the violence of ignorance, the author introduces Shinran’s nonviolent, nonconfrontational response, and analyzes how Shinran recasts the Buddhist stories of Ajātaśatru and Aṅgulimāla in relation to his understanding of the “five grave offenses”—specifically murder and near matricide—usually understood as excluding practitioners from the benefits of Amida Buddha’s Vows. The author shows that Shinran focuses on saving even the evil, not solely the worthy, thus rejecting the exclusion provision of the Eighteenth Vow.
目次
1. Introduction 2. Violence and Codes of Conduct 3. Shinran’s Interpretation of the Exclusion Clause 4. The Intransience of Violence in Human Existence 5. The Chimera of Autonomy 6. The Double Structure of Ethical Awareness 7. Defusing the Violence of Ignorance 8. Violence in Narratives of Religious Transformation 9. Ajātaśatru’s Self-Awareness 10. Shinran’s Use of Aṅgulimāla’s Challenge 11. Coda: The Nembutsu as a Prayer for Peace
