This paper is concerned with the 13th Karmapa bDud ’dul rdo rje’s (1733/1734–1797/1798) Go nyams lta ba’i glu (Song of understanding, experience, and view), in which he expounds his understanding of the Great Madhyamaka of extrinsic emptiness in terms of the following four points: the view of Madhyamaka, the Last Turning of the Wheel of the Doctrine, the way of meditation, and the conduct in Mantrayāna.
