Hue, located in the central of Vietnam, used to be the seat of the Nguyen feudal dynasty (16th century-1945). It has abundant world heritage sites such as the Forbidden City and Imperial Tomb and is famous for its Buddhist beliefs and Buddhist temple architectures. According to statistics, Buddhist followers in Hue account for 60% of the province’s population, and there are approximately 1847 monks and nuns. Hue has 516 Buddhist Temples classified into eight types: National Temple, State-built Buddhist Temple, Buddhist Ancestral Temple, Private Temple, Village Temple, Buddha Hall, Vihara, and Monastic cell. Of which the first four types of temples have the largest number of monks or nuns. The main purpose of this dissertation is to address the following issues: How did the material foundation of Hue Buddhist temples form? In the historical evolution, how do Buddhists maintain and develop their religious practices and belief activities? What are the monks' daily spiritual and material life in the temple, including religious activities, cleaning rules, and management systems? How the monastic economy and material needs of monks and nuns develop and maintain? The author found that the contemporary structure of Buddhism in Hue, ranging from genealogy, religious discipline, cleaning rules, or management systems to economic choices, is derived from the Linji and Caodong school, sects of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism. Moreover, since Vietnam's socialist-oriented market economy reform program, the temples' economic choice has transformed into focusing on Buddhist ritual services from manual labor forms such as farming in the temple field or collective production in the early days. Currently, Buddhist rituals are increasingly becoming commercialized due to the rising demands of Buddhist followers. In order to gain competitive advantages and personal economic benefits, some young monks began to spend a lot of time cultivating the skills of Buddhist rituals and tend to employ various witchcraft ingredients in Buddhist rituals. As a result, the Buddhist rituals are increasingly becoming witchcraft, Buddhist followers turn to concentrate on praying service, and the monk's spiritual mentor status changes to the service provider. The investigation results reveal that the major reason causing the transformation of Hue temples is greatly relevant to social changes and how people respond to social risks. The trend of showing off their wealth by the Vietnamese people has become one of the factors affecting Buddhism's economic and political activities. Besides, to respond to social risks, Buddhist temples have shifted the monks from otherworldly dharma into the worldly dharma. Yet, due to the impact of economic transformation, some young monks have been dissimilated when facing secular life. There has been a phenomenon of pursuing material and life enjoyment. This leads to the split of the Sangha and the complicated relationship between politics and religion. Nevertheless, the author also found that Buddhist rituals are an important cultural heritage of Hue, a Buddhism tool t
