비파사나(vipassana) 명상이 심신치유(Psychosomatic Therapy)에 미치는 치유원리 - MBCT(Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, 비파사나 명상에 기초한 인지치료) 프로그램을 중심으로=Healing Principles of MBCT(Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy) in terms of Buddhist Vipassana mediation.
MBCT의 치유원리=Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT); 비파사나 명상=Vipassana meditation; 사념처; 비파사나 명상에 기초한 인지치료; mindfulness(sati)
摘要
본 논문은 비파사나 명상의 관점에서 MBCT의 치유원리에 관한 연구이다. 사념처 수행 즉 비파사나 명상에서 네 가지 특성을 분석하였다. 첫째 비파사나 명상은 현재 중심이라는 것이다. 둘째 비파사나 명상은 관찰 대상에 대하여 있는 그대로 거리를 두며 객관적으로 관찰한다는 것이다. 셋째 비파사나 명상은 관찰 대상에 대하여 변화하려고 하거나 간섭하지 않는다는 것이다. 넷째 비파사나 명상의 목적은 관찰 대상이 무상(無常)하다는 것을 체득하는 것이다. 본고에선 MBCT의 치유원리를 네 가지로 논의하였다: ① 탈중심화(decentering), ② 사고에 대한 새로운 태도 즉 허용하고 내버려두기, ③ 활동양식(doing mode)에서 존재양식(being mode)으로의 전환, ④ 초인지적 통찰(meta-cognitive insight). 비파사나 명상의 네 가지 특성을 MBCT의 네 가지 치유원리에 대응하면 다음과 같다. MBCT의 탈중심화는 비파사나 명상의 둘째 특성에 상응하며; MBCT의 수용은 비파사나 명상의 셋째 특성에 상응하며; MBCT의 존재양식은 비파사나 명상의 첫 번째 특성에 상응하며; MBCT의 초인지적 통찰은 비파사나 명상의 네 번째 특성에 상응한다.
Although a majority of current psychotherapy techniques were based on Western (Judeo-Christian) psychological theories and research, the Western world's growing interest, since of late, has led Buddhist practices to be incorporated into standard Western psychotherapeutic techniques. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) was one such psychotherapeutic technique. MBCT is based on the technique of Vipassana meditation as propounded by the Buddha more than 2500 years ago. MBCT has been developed to cope with the recurrence of depression. MBCT has selected the core exercises from MBSR(Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction) and added some cognitive and behavioral interventions to it. MBCT can focus on patients who has major depression before. The programs consist of 8 weeks, 2 ½ hours a week. There is also possibility to follow practice days on top of the program. The techniques used are very simple. Recognizing reality as it is, without emotional or mental bias, takes a central place. Meditation, cognitive techniques, yoga, behavioral interventions, body-scan and training the quality of attention are some of the techniques used. Of those techniques, the teaching of meditation techniques is based on vipassana meditation in early Buddhism. MBCT aims to teach skills which help patients recognize and cope with their ruminative thinking which directly causes major depression. MBCT teaches people how to deal with mood shifts in a mindful way. The role of acceptance in MBCT is base upon Vipasssana mindfulness practice. Participants learn how to notice thoughts and their impact on physical and emotional experiences, accept these thoughts and experiences, and use this information to develop a different relationship to thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations. This article discusses the four major aspects of mindfulness(sati) in the Satipatthana-suttanta in early Buddhism. The four major aspects are as follows: ① observing objects as they are ② paying attention to the present moments ③ never interfering the movement of objects ④ experiencing objects as impermanent. ①, ② and ③ are the way of mindfulness while ④ is the goal of mindfulness. I compare the four major aspects of mindfulness(sati) with the healing principles of MBCT: ① corresponding to distancing or decentering in MBCT ② to being mode in contrast with doing mode ③ to allowing or acceptance without changing ④ to metacognitive insight. I have not discussed differences between mindfulness and MBCT, which will claim another full article in the future.
目次
I. 시작하는 말 175 II. MBCT 프로그램의 개괄적 분석 177 III. 사념처 수행과 MBCT의 분석 180 IV. 비파사나 명상을 통해 본 MBCT의 치유원리 189 V. 맺는 말 197
