언어관=The viewpoint of Language; 불립문자=Not independent from the written words; 불리문자=Non reliance upon the written words; 문자선=Literary Chan
摘要
중국 선종의 언어관은 크게 “자교오종”에서 “교외별전”으로, “불립문자”에서 “불리문자”로의 변화를 겪었다. 언어관의 변화는 선종내외부의 원인들이 복합적으로 작용한 결과며, 긴 시간을 두고 서서히 이뤄졌다. 이 과정에 등장한 “문자를 여의지 않는” 문자선에 대해, 흔히들 선종쇠퇴의 한 징표로 보는 경향이 강하지만 필자는 동의하지 않는다. 오히려, 문자선사상은 “불립문자”가 시대상황에 맞게 변화 발전하는 과정에 나타난 필연적 결과물로 파악한다. 시대적 역사적 산물인 문자선은 언어에 대한 선종의 관점을 심화 발전시켰고, 선문(禪門)의 자질(資質)을 높이는 데 중요한 역할을 했다고 생각한다. 논문은 “불립문자”에서 “불리문자”로 변화하게 된 원인을 여러 각도에서 분석했다.
One can argue that the concept of language of Chinese Chan Buddhism has experienced a general process of “denial of denial.” This process is exhibited by the alterations from “thanks to the teachings get Buddhist Enlightenment” to “learning the Buddhist thoughts without literary assistance”, from “non reliance upon the written words” to “not independent from the written words”, and from Literary Chan to KanhuaChan and MozhaoChan. This considerably long process of modification could be understood as a product of combination of both internal and external causes of Chan Buddhism. Although usually there is a tendency to interpret the advent of the Literary Chan, that is “not independent from the written words”, as a mark of Chan Buddhism’s decline, this writer does not agree with this tendency and interpretation. The appearance of the Literary Chan is understood as an inevitable turning point caused by the persistence of the motto of Chan Buddhism, “not independent from the written word.” The ideology of the Literary Chan is a blossoming of the times: it intensively developed Chan’s viewpoint of language, and in fact played a dominant role in eliminating the detrimental consequences resulted by “non reliance upon the written word”, if anything. This thesis analyzes from different perspectives the reasons for transformation from “not independent from the written word” to “non reliance upon the written word.”
目次
I. 导论 319 II. 初期禅宗的语言观 319 III.重视 “不立文字”的原因 322 IV. “不离文字”的 倾向渐渐成熟 329 V. “禅教一致” 也推动 “不离文字” 333 VI. 从不立文字到不离文字的转变 342 VII. 结论 347
