Tiantai=天臺; Chan=禪; Chinese Buddhism=中國佛教; meditation=禪/定/禪定; calmness=止; insight=觀; contemplative practices=禪修
摘要
The article explores major changes in the dominant models of meditation that came to characterize the practice of Chinese Buddhism during the first millennium of its growth and transformation. The main line of argument centers on key transformations of the classical model of Buddhist meditation, which postulates two main approaches to contemplative practice: calmness and insight. The main paradigm shifts examined in the article include the pairing of the two approaches in the writings of Zhiyi (538–597) and his Tiantai School, and the conceptual and soteriological reconfigurations that unfolded within the flourishing Chan movement during the Tang era. That is followed by an analysis of the development of a completely new model of Chan meditation during the Song period, which marked the virtual disappearance of calmness and insight from the everyday vocabulary of Chinese Buddhism.
Introduction 1 Loose Definitional Boundaries 2 Classical Models 3 Transmission of Meditation Techniques into China 6 Zhiyi's Pairing of the Two Approaches 8 Two Wings of a Bird 10 Five Practices 13 Chan's Conceptual and Soteriological Reconfigurations 15 Changing Nomenclature and New Outlook 18 Codification of Meditation During the Song Era 21 Vanished Paradigm 23 Concluding Remarks 25 Acknowledgements 25 Bibliography 26
