Spinoza; solipsism; mind-body problem; epistemology; Chinese thought
摘要
Spinoza, as a monist and a rationalist, seems unlikely to have occasion to confront any form of the solipsism problem. However, a close examination of his epistemology reveals that he does in fact confront a very radical form of this problem, and offers an equally radical solution to it, derived from the very epistemological premises that make it a potential problem for him. In particular, we find that the conception of the mind as the "idea of the body," premised on the strict identity of mental modes ("ideas") and extended modes ("bodies") forecloses any possibility of awareness extending "beyond" the confines of the finite body, or of any idea being able to be about anything other than its own bodily mode: ideas can only be ideas "of " the body of which they are the idea, and hence the mind, as the idea of the body, cannot have any ideas "of" anything outside of the body. The solution comes from the "Common Notions" which establish the existence of the world outside the body not by "reaching" that world, but merely by establishing immanently the nature of the finite body qua finite body. This manner of instantiating an infinite externality of the body within the body itself, though highly exceptional in European intellectual history, bears interesting similarities to the solutions to distinct but parallel problems concerning the relation of the finite to the infinite found in Chinese thought, in particular in the Zhuangzi and in the Huayan and Tiantai schools of Buddhism.
