인도불교의 수행은 전통적으로 육신 보다 정신에 더 많은 관심을 가지고 있지만, 그 이면에 육신과 정신이 지닌 상호관계가 연구되어 이후 후기밀교 수행의 성립에 기여하게 된다. 생기차제와 더불어 인도 후기밀교시대의 수행체계를 구성하는 구경차제의 미세유가(微細瑜伽)는 인체의 생리를 제어하는 독특한 수행법이다. 띠라까(tilaka)는 수행자의 코끝이나 심장에 미세한 점을 관상하는 것으로 유가행파의 띠라까 관상은 지관(止觀)의 수습을 위해 신심(身心)을 안정시켜 혼침과 도거를 제거하는 것이다. 이 과정에서 육신의 경안을 위한 호흡과 풍(風)의 통제는 이후 성립된 후기밀교 수행의 중요한 단서가 된다. 유가부 밀교의 미세유가는 수행자의 깊은 선정을 위해 필요하고, 인도 후기밀교의 미세유가는 육신의 생리작용을 통제하고 수행자의 의식을 생유와 중유에 걸쳐 지속시키는 것이기 때문에 중요하다. 이처럼 미세유가의 띠라까 관상은 대승불교의 수행이 밀교로 전이된 사실을 보여주는 것으로 띠라까의 기원과 변천은 밀교성립의 단면을 보여주는 중요한 주제라 할 수 있다.
The practice of Tilaka(Tib. thig le) that visualizing a minute spot on the nose or heart has its origin to the practice system of Yogacārya school in Mahāyāna Buddhism and its source goes back to the practices of Fundamental Buddhism as traditions of Indian's primitive Yoga system. Tilaka in the system of Yogacārya school was used in Śamatha and Vipśyana to stabilize the mind and body so that the practitioner reach the stages of Easiness(輕安, prasrabdhi) by removing the Impurity(惛沈, Sytāna) and Excitement(掉擧, Auddhatya). The series of practice founded its practice system of Yogacārya school to control the breath and wind of body. In the Yoga Tantric System the Tilaka was given the name of Minute Yoga(微細瑜伽, Sūkṣma-yoga) in the Commentaries of Indian authors which takes its role of elevating the consciousness of practitioner. In the practice system of Anuttarayoga-tantra which appeared in the latter ages of Esoteric Buddhism, the usage of Tilaka was to control and regulate physiological system of body and to maintain the stage of consciousness while practicing minute yoga of Physical Body(生有) and Intermediate Body(中有). The Tantrikas of India understood the Tilaka while practicing Generation Stage(生起次第) and Completion Stage(生起次第) as a cohesion of Five Wisdom(五智) of Buddha, and also understood it as a Buddha's nature that controls the Five Wind(五風) residing and circulating in the Physical Body. The Tilaka was developed to the practices of Wind, Channel of Wind, and Knot of Winds(Cakra) that deals with a physical structures and functions in the practice system of this Anuttarayoga system and its purpose is to melt the winds of channel so that let the wind flows in the center so that it promotes the Deliverance both of mental and physical obstructions. In this way the Tilaka has its origins as a method to concentrate the consciousness of practitioner by focusing any spots of body or elsewhere but it was combined with breaths and later adopted by Yogacārya schools to regulate body and mind of practitioner. The Anuttarayoga Tantra system is a unique one to deals with the Deliverance of physical body but it is evident that the Tilaka took a great role to the formation of in the latter age's Esoteric Buddhism in India.
目次
I 서언. 29 II 중기밀교와 유가행파의 止觀. 32 III 즈냐나빠다류의 수행체계와 띠라까. 37 IV 용수류의 성취법과 띠라까의 전개. 46 V 결어. 52
