『『요가 수트라』에서 조식은 들숨과 날숨을 포함한 ‘숨의 억제’로 정의된다. 조식의 세 작용 중 ‘억제 작용’은 제3 조식인 쿰바카로 불린다. 이것은 푸라카(들숨 후 중지)와 레차카(날숨 후 중지) 중 숙달된 어느 한쪽에서 중지를 강화함으로써 호흡을 모두 억제하는 것이다. 제3 조식은 그 범위와 노력에서 제4 조식과 차별된다. 전자는 숙달된 레차카와 푸라카 중 어느 하나로 개시되고, 후자는 쿰바카의 성취가 자각된 시점에서 개시된다. 또한 전자는 단번의 노력으로 즉각 성취되는 반면, 후자는 많은 노력에 의해 단계적으로 성취된다. 조식의 진전 상태는 장소, 시간, 수(數)로써 관찰된다. 이것들의 용도는 호흡이 미치는 범위와 호흡이 억제되는 시간으로써 조식의 상태를 관찰하는 데 있다. 이 같은 조식은 총지(總持)의 조건을 충족시키는 명상의 일환이며, 삼매로 나아가는 토대로서 그 의의를 지닌다.
A point at issue in this article is Kumbhaka called restraint operation(stambha-vRtti) in Yoga-SUtra. This term is derived from the fact that prANAyAma or regulating the breath is defined as restraint of the breath. Speaking more concretely, in the changeable course of pUraka(cessation after inhalation) and recaka(cessation after exhalation), suppressing inhalation and exhalation together by strengthening cessation either in the experienced side of them is the third prANAyAma or kumbhaka. In this case, a single effort by which Kumbhaka is obtained means the effort of strengthening cessation either of them for total restraint. But Yoga-SUtra regards the fourth prANAyAma as completion of prANAyAma, and differentiates it from Kumbhaka. Accordingly the difference of the fourth from the third is another point at issue. The former is compared with the latter on both sides of sphere(or objects) and effort. On the side of sphere, the third does not follow after any regard paid to objects, while the fourth is preceded by the regard paid to objects. The former case indicates that the third starts with either of recaka and pUraka which are experienced. The latter case indicates that the fourth starts from a point of time when Kumbhaka is realized to be obtained. On the side of effort, the third is obtained instantly with a single effort, while the fourth is obtained gradually with much effort. Meanwhile Yoga-SUtra presents place and time and number as measures observing progress of prANAyAma. Place indicates space to where breaths come up. Time functions merely as a foundation of calculating number. Therefore those three have significance that the state of prANAyAma is observed by space to where breaths come up and time lasting for suppressing breaths. PrANAyAma as above has an effect on not only diminishing karma but satisfying conditions for DhAraNA or fixed attentions. Particularly observing three operations of prANAyAma itself forms a part of meditation. Consequently prANAyAma holds fundamental position and phase in the practical system of Orthodox Yoga seeking for liberation through SamAdhi or concentration.
目次
I 머리말. 97 II 조식의 정의. 100 III 조식의 세 작용. 106 IV 제4 조식과 조식의 효과. 119 V 맺음말. 참고 문헌.126
