敦煌密教文獻中的觀音信仰與胎產護佑：以四份寫本為中心的考察=The Cult of Guanyin and Protective Blessings for Childbirth in Esoteric Buddhist Materials from Dunhuang: An Analysis of Four Manuscripts
Among the esoteric Buddhist materials extant from Dunhuang, there are many dhāraṇī and talismanic seals that concern prayers for giving birth, protective blessings for childbirth, and handling difficult births. A large number of these are associated with the cult of Guanyin, who is depicted in various Esoteric Buddhist guises within the works. From the Northern and Southern dynasties to the Sui and Tang, following the translation of various dhāraṇī and esoteric texts related to Guanyin, incantations and talismanic seals for protective blessings for childbirth and healing also gradually came into circulation. The manuscripts that include these dhāraṇī and talismanic seals concerning childbirth and pregnancy were mixed with a great number of elements related to Daoist talismanic seals, a fact that distinguished them from the original Buddhist scriptural sources they were based upon. This article first examines Mahāyāna and Esoteric Buddhist scriptures related to Guanyin, those that offer protective blessings, talismans, and incantations for childbirth. Following this, the paper focuses on four texts unearthed at Dunhuang and analyzes the implications of the talismans, incantations, text, and images contained therein, tracing their precedents in related Buddhist scriptures. As this article indicates, the association of Guanyin with protective blessings for childbirth and pregnancy was strengthened after the translation of a series of scriptures concerning the Thousand-Handed and Thousand Eyed Guanyin (Qianshou qianyan Guanyin 千手千眼觀音) in the Tang dynasty. Furthermore, some talismanic seals for childbirth and pregnancy, though bearing the title of Guanyin, appear in the form of Daoist talismans in some of the manuscripts, which then also later appear in medical books of the Tang and Song. This reveals that the performers of local rituals creatively blend the two religions on a practical level; it also illustrates their situation within the shared space of medicine and Daoism, centered around talismanic seals or divination traditions.
目次
一、前言
二、南北朝至隋唐間的觀音產孕陀羅尼及密教典籍 6
三、四份敦煌文獻當中所見觀音信仰與胎產護佑 20 1. P. 4514 20 2. P. 3920 27 3. P. 3874 31 4. S. 2498 觀世音菩薩符印一卷 40
