Introduction 39 Poetic Activity among Buddhist Monks Prior to the Song 44 Chan's Response to the Song Civil Order: The Trend toward "Songgu" (Eulogizing the Old Cases in Verse) and Literary Pursuits) 47 Xuedou Chongxian and His Songgu ji 49 Wumen Huikai and the Wumen guan 58 From Xuedou to Wumen 63 Conclusion 69