2. The Subtitle of the Journal: The Spread of Chan/Zen Buddhism in East Asia: History, Ideology, and Meditation Practice.
3. Author Affiliation: National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan.
關鍵詞
seated meditation; Linji school; Chan practice; Chan method; Chan school; Tang and Song Dynasties
摘要
This study first examines the developmental perspective on seated meditation from Bodhidharma 達摩 to the Linji 臨濟 school of the Tang Dynasty. During this dynasty, the Linji school followed the criticism of physical seated meditation by the Southern school of Huineng 惠能 and mainly used wisdom dialogues to enlighten Buddhist disciples. Furthermore, there are very few lamp records documenting the seated meditation of Chan masters in the Linji school, which has created the impression that this school in the Tang Dynasty disregarded physical seated meditation and even negated it. Second, this study examines the attitude towards seated meditation of Linji Chan masters during the Song Dynasty from two aspects of seated meditation, namely, practice and theory. It is found that their attitude towards it differed from that of the Linji school in the Tang Dynasty because they were usually experienced in seated meditation. Moreover, there were Chan masters in both the Yangqi 楊岐 and Huanglong 黃龍 schools that advocated seated meditation as the foundation of Buddhist practice. For example, both Foyan Qingyuan’s 佛眼清遠 “Seated Meditation Inscription” 坐禪銘 and Foxin Bencai’s 佛心本才 “Seated Meditation Etiquette” 坐禪儀 pay attention to seated meditation and agree that enlightenment can only be achieved through gradual cultivation, and after enlightenment, a period of training is still required to achieve ultimate perfection. The above findings suggest that there was a development tendency of returning to seated meditation in the Linji school during the Song Dynasty.
目次
Abstract 1 Keywords 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Development of the Linji School’s Attitude toward Seated Meditation before the Tang Dynasty 2 3. The Seated Meditation Practice of Chan Masters in the Linji School in the Song Dynasty 4 4. The Seated Meditation Theory of the Linji School in the Song Dynasty: Returning to Seated Meditation, as Based on Foyan Qingyuan’s “Seated Meditation Inscription” and Foxin Bencai’s “Seated Meditation Etiquette” 6 5. Conclusions 10 Funding 11 Institutional Review Board Statement 11 Informed Consent Statement 11 Data Availability Statement 11 Conflicts of Interest 11 Abbreviations 11 Notes 11 References 12
