Tzu Chi=慈濟基金會; Taiwanese Buddhism=當代臺灣佛教; Buddhist Cosmopolitanism=佛教世界主義; Global Humanitrianism=全球人道主義; Transcultural Engagements=跨文化參與
摘要
This paper delves into the expansive growth of Tzu Chi, a lay Buddhist movement, illuminating its evolution from a Taiwan-based initiative to a global humanitarian force. Focusing particularly on its engagement in Europe, it explores how this movement navigates cultural pluralism while integrating Buddhist principles into its humanitarian missions. Tzu Chi's journey unfolds as it transcends ethnic borders, propelled by a unique blend of Buddhist cosmopolitanism and humanitarian fervour. This exploration charts its inception in Taiwan, examining pivotal moments like the lifting of Martial Law and subsequent global outreach, marking a shift from relief funding to direct involvement in disaster-stricken regions. Central to Tzu Chi's ethos is its distinctive approach to global outreach, emphasizing humanitarian work devoid of traditional missionary aims. However, through a nuanced lens, this paper uncovers the subtle yet impactful ways in which Tzu Chi integrates nonmembers into its network, utilising disaster relief projects and a range of cultural activities. The paper contends that Tzu Chi's humanitarian engagements, often viewed as secular contributions, are intricately tied to its religious identity, and can be seen as a form of proselytization, exemplified by its disaster relief initiatives in Poland amid the Ukrainian crisis. Furthermore, the paper challenges prevailing notions that Tzu Chi operates as a purely secular humanitarian organization, disputing claims that it distances itself from traditional Buddhist practices. Instead, it posits that Tzu Chi's emphasis on compassionate deeds represents a distinct form of religious practice, challenging the conventional understanding of proselytization within the movement. In dissecting Tzu Chi's multifaceted activities in Europe, from language courses to cultural events, the study highlights how the movement legitimizes its presence based on civic engagements rather than rigid religious doctrines. Through case studies of key individuals instrumental in Tzu Chi's European expansion, the research illustrates the interconnectedness between migrants, cultural contexts, and the movement's growth. It delves into the motivations behind Tzu Chi's rapid global expansion, attributing it to a confluence of factors including globalised events, economic prosperity, and Buddhist universalism. Ultimately, this paper sheds light on Tzu Chi's cosmopolitan identity, exploring its ability to bridge cultural differences and foster cooperation through discursive strategies. It challenges established perceptions, revealing the intricacies of Tzu Chi's global outreach, and how it subtly but effectively integrates Buddhist principles into its humanitarian endeavours, shaping a unique form of global engagement that transcends traditional boundaries of religion and culture.
1. Introduction 109 2. Global Embeddedness and Transnational Movements 111 3. Tzu Chi’s Global Expansion 116 4. Tzu Chi and Cosmopolitanism 124 5. Tzu Chi in Europe: Branches, Patterns, and the Dynamics of Expansion 132 6. Conclusion 146 References 152
