Author Affiliation: Institute for Social Anthropology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria.
摘要
This study reconstructs for the first time the development of society in Spiti and in Upper Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh, India) over a long historical period on the basis of one of its central structures, that is, socio-economic organisation. The focus of this study is the peasantry of Tabo village in Spiti Valley and the adjacent Tibetan-speaking areas in the northwestern Himalayas. From a methodological perspective this book is primarily the result of a combination of social anthropological fieldwork and the analysis of historical and contemporary written sources (partly from the holdings of the over 1,000-year-old Buddhist monastery of Tabo). The theoretical concepts and perspectives of this work, building at the core on peasant theory models, are considerably developed further by including and integrating findings from social anthropological research on Tibet, in particular the fundamental importance of religious institutions such as Buddhist monasteries and temples for the structuring of the social order. The account of the ethnography of the region forms together with the investigation of the system of land ownership in association with the system of taxes and dues a central component of the analysis of the historical and current relations between the power-holders and the agricultural producers (peasants). It is also in this context that the delineation of the political history of the region which is undertaken here for the first time plays an essential role. Moreover, in altogether 12 excursuses selected key topics (such as administrative and taxation system, corvée labour, regional, supraregional and transnational wool trade, economy of Buddhist monastic communities and monasteries, development of population figures) are studied from a strong comparative perspective.
目次
Acknowledgements 9 General Remarks 11 List of Illustrations 13 I. INTRODUCTION 17 Thematic Concept and Methodology 17 Excursus: A Brief Survey of the Research Situation in Some Tibetan-speaking Areas of India and Nepal (c. 1950–1980) 19 Basic Approach of the Present Study 21 Regional Focus 22 Peasant Theory 24 Tibetan Cultural and Social Anthropology 27 Supplementary Approaches 30 II. HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 37 1. Early History 38 2. The Surrounding Region: Zhang zhung, Ladakh, Tibet (7th–10th Centuries) 38 3. The West Tibetan Kingdom: Foundation (c. 930) 40 Excursus: The ’Bro Clan in Western Tibet (up to the Beginning of the 10th Century) 41 4. The West Tibetan Kingdom: Early Formative Phase (c. 930–940) 43 5. The West Tibetan Kingdom and Spiti (c. 940–1080) 44 Excursus: Ye shes ’od’s Buddhist Transformation of Western Tibet 45 6. The Kingdom of Gu ge and Spiti / Upper Kinnaur (c. 1080–1277) 50 7. The Kingdom of Gu ge and Spiti / Upper Kinnaur (c. 1277–1396) 51 8. The Kingdom of Gu ge and Spiti / Upper Kinnaur (c. 1396–1630) 52 Excursus: Economic and Political Conditions in the Kingdom of Gu ge (c. 1630) 53 9. Spiti and Upper Kinnaur (1630–1683) 56 10. Spiti and Upper Kinnaur (1684–1846) 57 10.1. Spiti (1684–1818) 58 10.1.1. The Ladakhi Administrative and Taxation System in Spiti (18th century) 59 10.2. Upper Kinnaur (1684–1818) 60 10.3. Spiti and Upper Kinnaur (1818–1839) 62 10.3.1. Excursus: Sikh / Dogra Incursions in Spiti (1834–1839) 63 10.3.2. Administrative and Taxation System in Spiti (1819–1839) 64 Excursus: “pún”, “bón”, bon 73 Excursus: begar / corvée, forced labour / ’u lag – Comparative Perspectives 76 10.4. Spiti and Upper Kinnaur (1839–1846) 87 10.4.1. Administrative and Taxation System in Spiti (1839–1846) 89 10.4.2. Fundamental Characteristics of the Taxation System in Bashahr / Upper Kinnaur (1815–1846) 90 Excursus: Trade in West Tibetan Wool 1684–1846 95 a. Wool Trade from the Supraregional and Transnational Perspective: West Tibet, Ladakh, Kashmir, British India 96 b. The Wool Trade on a Regional Level: Spiti, Upper Kinnaur, West Tibet 100 11. Spiti and Upper Kinnaur (1846–1947) 111 11.1. Settlements in Spiti (1846–1913) 112 11.2. Settlements in Bashahr (1846–1928) 118 11.3. Land Ownership in Spiti and Upper Kinnaur in the 19th Century: Comparison of Development 119 11.4. The Economy of Buddhist Monastic Communities and Monasteries in Spiti: Structure and Organisation (1862–1912) 122 Excursus: Bashahr / Upper Kinnaur: Trade with Tibet (c. 1846–1962) 128 12. Spiti and Upper Kinnaur (1947 to the Present) 131 Transformation of the Administrative and Socio-economic Order in Spiti (1950–1960) 132 Transformation of the Administrative and Socio-economic Order in Spiti and Kinnaur (1960 to the Present) 137 III. PEASANTRY IN DEVELOPMENT 143 Development Phases of the Peasantry in Spiti and Upper Kinnaur 143 Phase I: to c. 930 144 Phase II: c. 930–End of the 10th Century (c. 996) 44 Phase III: c. 996–c.1277 146 Excursus: The Economy of Buddhist Monastic Communities and Monasteries in India, Sri Lanka, China and Tibet – A Comparative Survey of Historical Patterns 147 Phase IV: c. 1277–c. 1425 150 Phase V: c. 1425–1630 151 Phase VI: 1630/1687–1846 152 Phase VII: 1846–1947 153 Excursus: The Peasant Concept and ‘zemindar / zamíndár’ in North-west India 154 Phase VIII: 1947–c.1975 158 Phase IX: c. 1975 to the Present 158 IV. TABO 159 1. Situation and Settlement Pattern 159 Excursus: Population Figures for the Spiti Valley, including Tabo (1697 to the Present) 161 2. Social Organisation 169 2.1. Stratification 69 2.2. Descent and Kinship Groups 174 2.3. House, Household 178 2.4. Family 181 2.5. Inheritance
