Verbs of the X. class add -aya- instead of just -a- to the root (usually strengthened): cur-, corayati (to steal), vid-, vedayati (to make known); but: pid-, pidayati (to torture). If the root ends in a vowel, it is strengthened into vrddhi grade: dhr-, dharayati (to hold), bhi-, bhayayati (to cause fear). The vowel -a- between consonants is sometimes lengthened and sometimes not: ksal-, ksalayati (to wash); jan-, janayati (to give birth, to generate).
-t at as a word's final is changed into -d before voiced consonants (except for palatals, -w and -l) and vowels: meghat atra -> meghadatra (here from the cloud).
Before palatals, -l and -n this final -t becomes assimilated: meghat ca -> meghacca (and from the cloud), lokat janah -> lokajjanah (from the world people), papat lokah -> papallokah (from the sin the world), grhat narah -> grhannarah (a man from the house).
Before -w it is changed into -ch: nrpat watruh -> nrpaccahtruh (from the king an enemy).
1. stenah suvarnaj nrpasya grhaccorayati |
2. gururdandena wisyajstadayati |
3. bhrtya nrpaya navinani vastranyaharanti |
4. purane devanaj vrttantani pathamah |
5. wudrasya grhaj brahmano na visati |
6. wastre manusyasya dharmah |
7. suto 'wvanpidayati |
8. rsirjalena pani ksalayati |
9. gramajjanannagaramanayanti |
10. narau rupakani ganayatah |
11. ramasya putrau ramayanaj kathayatah |
12. suvarnaj panibhyaj tolayamah |
13. janakah putrankopaddandayati |
14. grhalloka agacchanti |
15. punyena sadhurduhkhani parayati |
16. devaniva nrpatijllokah pujayati |
17. navinaj vrttantaj kuto na kathayasiti janah prcchanti |
1. Boys (Du.) wash their faces.
2. Father tells son about fruits of sins.
3. Merit protects from grief.
4. Shudras are not (stha-) among twice-borns.
5. Old stories are like trees with a lot of fruit.
6. King counts fighters and shows [them] the way with a sword.
7. "Why do you beat me," asks the servant the king.
8. Why does the charioteer torture the horse?
9. I want new clothes.
kath-, kathayati (X): to tell, to narrate
ksal-, ksalayati (X): to wash
gan-, ganayati (X): to count
cur-, corayati (X): to steal
tad-, tadayati (X): to beat
tul-, tolayati (X): to lift up, to weigh
dand-, dandayati (X): to beat, to punish
pid-, pidayati (X): to torture, to hurt
puj-, pujayati (X): to honour, to worship, to revere
pr-, parayati (X): to overcome
a+hr-, aharati (I): to bring
danda-, m.: stick, punishment
punya-, n.: merit
purana-, n.: old story, Purana (kind of Hindu scripture)
bhrtya-, m.: servant
ramayana-, n.: epos Ramayana
rupaka-, n.: coin
vastra-, n.: clothing
vrttanta-, n.: story
wudra-, m.: Shudra (low-caste)
sadhu-, m.: holy man
suvarna-, n.: gold
suta-, m.: charioteer
stena-, m.: thief, robber
navina-, adj.: new
iva, part.: as, like, as if
mam: me (Acc.)